SEBA Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 in English Rise of Gandhi And The Freedom Movement of India

SEBA Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 in English Rise of Gandhi And The Freedom Movement of India | Rise of Gandhi And The Freedom Movement of India Class 10 Question Answer | Class 10 Social Science Question Answer in English Chapter 2 As Per New Syllabus to each Chapter is provided in the list of SCERT, NCERT, SEBA Class 10 Social History Part 1 Chapter 2 Question Answer in English/Class 10 Social Chapter 2 Question Answer in English Rise of Gandhi And The Freedom Movement of India.

Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Rise of Gandhi And The Freedom Movement of India

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Chapter 2 Rise of Gandhi And The Freedom Movement of India

Part: I History

TEXTUAL EXERCISE & ANSWERS

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

1. When did the Chauri-Chaura incident take place?

Ans. Chauri-Chaura incident took place on 5th February, 1922. 

2. Under what circumstance did Lala Lajpat Rai lost his life?

Ans. At Lahor, a procession organized against the Simon Commission under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai was ‘Lathi-charged’. Lajpat Rai was seriously wounded and he subsequently died.

3. When and in which session of the Indian National Congress was Purna Swaraj declared to be the chief goal of the Indians? 

Ans. In 1920, at the Lahore session of congress, it was decided that the goal of the congress was to attain Purna Swaraj.

4. During the course of which movement did Gandhi give the slogan “Do or die”?

Ans. Gandhi gave the slogan “Do or Die” in Quit India Movement, August, 1942.

5. Who was the founder of the Azad Hind Fauz?

Ans. Captain Sohan Singh was the founder of the Azad Hind Fauj.

6. “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom.” This famous quote is attributed to which Indian leader?

Ans. Subhas Chandra Bose said, “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom.”

7. What is the name of the International Boundary Line between Indian and Pakistan.

Ans. Red cliffe line is the name of the International Boundary line be- tween India and Pakistan.

8. Gandhi started on his Salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to the sea coast at Dandi. What was the distance between Sabarmati Ashram and the sea-coast at Dandi?

Ans. The distance between Sabarmati Ashram to the sea-coast at Dandi was 385 km.

9. Who was known as Frontier Gandhi?

Ans. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was Known as Frontier Gandhi.

10. Who was the sole Congress representative at the Second Round Table Conference in London?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi was the sole congress representative at the Second Round Table Conference in London.

11. When was Mahatma Gandhi born?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October in 1869 at Porbander, Gujrat.

12.In which country did Gandhi first apply the technique of Satyagraha?

Ans. Gandhi first applied the technique of Satyagraha in South Africa. 

13. Why did Rabindranarh Tagore renounce his knighthood?

Ans. Rabindranath Tagore renounce his knighthood in protest against the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.

14. Under whose leadership was the Khilafat movement started in India? 

Ans. The Khilafat movement was started in India under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali. 

15. Name the British Prime Minister who announced the communal Award in 1932?

Ans. The British Prime Minister who announced the communal Award in 1932 was Ramsay Macdonald.

Long Answers Type Questions and Answers: 

1. What was the main aim of the Civil Disobedience Movement? What were the main features of the movement? 

Ans. One of the factors leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement was the formation of the Simon Commission by the British Government. It included only the British Parliament members and came into effect in November 1927 to report the working of the constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919.

Simon’s arrival in Calcutta was met with demonstrations. Meanwhile, Motilal Nehru shouldered the responsibility of the drafting committee and prepared the constitution for India. Indian National Congress accepted the Nehru Report and pressurised the government to accept it. 

Consequently, the Civil Disobedience Movement started in 1930 with the famous Salt Satyagraha of Gandhi, also known as Dandi March that was launched on 12 March 1930. On that day, Gandhi with some of his followers left the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad and made their way towards Dandi. a village on the west coast of India. After travelling for twenty-five days and covering a distance of 385 km, they reached Dandi on 6 April 1930.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was re-started in 1932, but even before the movement actually started Gandhi was arrested along with Vallabhbhai Patel who at that time was the President of the Congress. The government also took forcible possession of the office of the Congress. Lathi-charges were common to disperse the crowds. Even women and children were not spared. Whipping became a common punishment. The free- dom of the Press was curtailed. Nationalist literature- poems, stories and novels were banned on a large scale. Yet, the movement continued to linger on. However, a stage came when the political enthusiasm of the people became less and less and feelings of frustration set in.

The Movement was suspended in May, 1933 and completely withdrawn in May, 1934.

The Civil Disobedience Movement demonstrated the awakening of the political consciousness among the Indian masses. At the same time, it exposed the British rule in India in all its naked hideousness and lowered its prestige in the eyes of the world.

2. What do you understand by the term Satyagraha? Briefly write about the three local disputes where Gandhi first applied the technique of  Satyagraha in India? 

Ans. The word Satyagraha was first used by Gandhi in South Africa. It is a compound of two separate words, Satya (truth) and agraha (adherence, holding fast). Its root meaning is ‘holding on to truth’.

Gandhi explained that Satyagraha was not mere passive resistance. It meant intense political activity by large masses of people. Non-violence formed the very basis of Satyagraha. In evolving the concept of Satyagraha, Gandhi was influenced by the writings of Tolstoy and Thoreau.

The three local disputes where Gandhi first applied the technique of Satyagraha in India are discuss below:

Gandhi’s activities in South Africa transformed him into a mature and idealist leader With this impression he returned to India in 1915. He had to be actively involved and became successful in solving three local disputes- in Champaran (North Bihar), in Kheda (Gujarat) and in Ahmedabad during 1917-18, which recognised him as an influential political leader.

In Champaran, he took up the cause of peasants against landlords, in Kheda that of farmers against the collection of land-revenue when their crops failed, and in Ahmedabad that of the mill-workers against the mill owners. In each of the cases, the strategy was Satyagraha, and the principles were truth and non-violence.

3. Why was the Khilafat movement started in India?

Ans. The peace treaties, which were signed in the Paris Peace Conference to bring to an end the First World War, held out the prospect of endangering the existence of Turkey. While threatening the territorial unity and integrity of Turkey the peace treaties at the same time held out the prospect of lowering the prestige and status of the Caliph, the head of the state of Turkey England was one of the members of the Allied Powers. So when England violated the previous promises given to Turkey to keep intact the official status and prestige of the Caliph as well as the territorial integrity of the country, the people belonging to Islam all over the world became restive against the British.

As a result of the defeat of Turkey in the First World War, the influence of the Khalifa was greatly reduced. The Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as their Khalifa or spiritual head. They became upset when they found that he would retain no control over his empire’s holy places. The Muslims in India became apprehensive of the fate of the Khalifa and formed a Khilafat Committee under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali. Its object was the restoration of the Sultan of Turkey as Khalifa (Caliph) of Islam.

Gandhi decided to extend support to the Khilafat Movement as he viewed it as a golden opportunity for bringing Muslims and Hindus together on the national front. 

India was no exception; here also the anti-British stance of the Muslim population reached the boiling point. With a view to restoring the territorial integrity as well as the official status and prestige of the Caliph of Turkey, the Central Khilafat Committee was organized in India. Front ranking political leaders of the Congress like Mahatma Gandhi, Motilai Nehru, Madan Mohan Malaviya took active part in organizing the Central Khilafat Committee.

4. Under what circumstances was the Quit India movement launched? Do you consider the movement to be a milestone in India’s struggle for independence? Give reasons in support of your answer?

Or

What was the background behind launching the Quit India movement by Gandhi? How did he lead this movement? 

Ans. In September 1939, the Second World War broke out. M.K.Gandhi and J. Nehru they promised the British to provide the support of the Congress to their war efforts, in return they asked to grant India complete independence. The offer was not accepted by the British government. As a mark of protest the Congress ministers resigned in October 1939. Between 1940 and 1941, the Congress organised a series of individual satyagrahas to put pressure on the government.

At this time Britain had all party government, whose labour members were sympathetic to the demands of the Indians, but the Prime Minister Winston Churchill was conservative enough to liquidate Britain’s empire.

In 1942, Churchill was pressurised to send one of his ministers, Sir Stafford Cripps to negotiate with Indian political parties seeking their support in the war that Britain was waging in Europe. A Draft Declaration of the British Government was offered to India, which included the establishment of a dominion, the establishment of a constituent assembly and the rights of provinces to make separate constitutions. All this would be granted only after the war.

However, the Cripps mission failed and Gandhi decided to launch his third major movement against the British. Other factors which led to the Quit India Movement was the fear of Japan attacking India, terror in East Bengal and the fact that India had realised that the British could not defend the country anymore.

Accordingly, in August 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India Move- ment, also known as the August Movement on the basis of the resolution passed on 8 August, 1942 in Bombay by the All India Congress Committee, declaring its demand for an immediate end of the British rule. The nation was inspired by the Gandhi’s slogan of ‘Do or Die’.

Immediately, the Congress was banned and Gandhi and most of the Congress leaders were swiftly attested, most of whom had to spend the next three years in jail, until World War II ended. The people, however, were unstoppable. There were hartals and demonstration all over the country.

The people attacked all symbols of the British government such as railway stations, law courts and police stations. Railway lines were damaged and telegraph lines were cut. In some places, people even set up their independent government. The movement was most widespread in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, Bombay, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. Places such as Ballia, Tamluk, Satara, Dharwar, Balasore and Talcher were freed from British rule and the people there formed their own governments.

Though the movement was short-lived, it demonstrated the depth that nationalist feeling had reached in the country and the great capacity for struggle and sacrifice that the people had developed. The movement marked a new high in terms of participation of the masses in the nationalist struggle for freedom. Students, women, peasants and workers played important roles. 

5. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the Non Co-operative movement of 1920-22? What were its programmes? What made Gandhi sus- pend the movement? 

Ans. This movement started in 1920 and lasted through 1922, supported all along by the Indian National Congress. Under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership, the movement aimed at British rule through non-violence (ahimsa). Activists refused to buy British goods, used only local handicrafts, and picketed liquor shops. The goal was to uphold Indian honour and integrity in a peaceful manner. 

The Non-Cooperation Movement ignited the emotions of the people. Both Hindus and Muslim participated in it. There was huge bonfire of foreign cloth in different places. Shops selling foreign goods and liquor were picketed. Many students left government schools and colleges. The peasants of Midnapore in Bengal organized a very effective no-tax campaign. The Congress set up National educational institutions like the Kashi Vidyapeeth, Baneras Vidyapeeth, the National Muslim University of Aligarh etc.

Seth Jamona Lal Bajaj declared that he would give Rupees one lakh a year for the maintenance of non-practising lawyers. Forty lakh volunteers were enrolled by the Congress. Twenty thousand ‘Charkhas’ were manufactured The people started deciding their disputes by means of arbitiation. The Tilak Swarajya Fund which was started to finance the Non-cooperation movement was able to collect over a crore of rupees within a short period. The women too actively took part in the movement.

The Non-cooperation movement had two aspects positive and negative. The former included the promotion of Swadeshi, particularly the revival of hand-spinning and weaving, removal of untouchability among the Hindus; promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity; prohibition of the use of alcoholic drinks, and the collection of a crore of rupees for the memorial of Tilak.

The negative side is usually referred to as the triple boycott, namely, boycott of Legislatures, Courts and educational institutions schools and colleges maintained or aided by the Government. The minor items of boycott included surrender of titles, honours etc.

The negative necessitated some positive steps, like setting up arbitration boards to take the place of Courts, and National schools and colleges where students leaving Government schools and colleges might continue their education.

Much against the wishes and instructions of Gandhi, people at certain places did not remain peaceful. On February 5, 1922, there was serious mob violence at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur district of United Province. The local police attacked the protestors and then they violently collided with the police. Three protestors were killed in police firing. Protestors burnt down the police station and about twenty two policemen were killed. Gandhi was shocked at this incident and felt that without adequate discipline and restraint on the part of the people, the Movement had proved to be a ‘Himalayan blunder’. He at once suspended the movement and sat on fast for three weeks. 

6. Write a brief note on the Indian National Army. 

Ans. In 1941, Subhas Chandra Bose, who, was twice elected as President of the Indian National Congress, was interned in his own house in Calcutta for his anti-British activities. But he eluded police vigilance and went to Afghanistan, Russia, Germany and ultimately to Burma and Malaya. In 1943, with the aid of expatriate nationalist leader Rash Behari Bose, the Indian National Army (INA), or the Azad Hind Fauz was revived.

The idea of the Indian National Army (INA) was first conceived by Captain Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of the British army in Malaya who had to surrender to the Japanese in the Second World War.

In March, 1942; a conference of expatriate Indians was held in Tokyo which led to the formation of the Indian Independence League. This was followed by a conference in Bangkok (June, 1942) where Rash Behari Bose was elected President of the League and a decision was taken to raise the Indian National Army or Azad Hind Fauz.

The slogan of INA was ‘Jai Hind’. It fought with the Japanese army against the British and Commonwealth forces in the campaigns in Burma, Imphal and Kohima. Bose’s famous quote, ‘give me blood and I shall give you freedom’ motivated his followers. However, the defeat of Japan and surrender in the war also led to the eventual surrender of INA.

Subhas Bose is reported to have been killed in an air crash in August, 1945. Even though his strategy of winning freedom in cooperation with the Fascist powers was criticized, at the same time most of the Indian nationalist praised him for organizing the INA to set an inspiring example of patriotism before the Indian people and the Indian army. He was hailed as Netaji by the entire country.

Multiple Choice Qustions

Choose the correct answer:

1. The Shanti Sena force was formed in Assam before commencement of-

(a) The Quite Indian Movement. 

(b) The Civil Disobedience Movement. 

(c) The Non Co-operation Movement. 

(d) The Ahom Association. 

Ans. (a) The Quiet Indian Movement. 

2. The first President of Indian National Congress was-

(a) Jawaharlal Nehru. 

(b) Mahatma Gandhi. 

(c) Umesh Chandra Benarjee. 

(d) Dr Rajendra Prasad.

Ans. (c) Umesh Chandra Benarjee. 

3. The Indian National Army was formed in- 

(a) Germany.

(b) Singapore.

(c) Japan.

(d) India.

Ans. (c) Japan.

4. The Father of the Indian National Army was-

(a) Captain Suhan Singh.

(b) Rash Behari Bose.

(c) Subhas Chandra Bose.

(d) Prem Sehgal.

Ans. (a) Captain Suhan Singh.

5. The first world war broke out in-

(a) 1912. 

(b) 1914. 

(c) 1919. 

(d) 1918. 

Ans. (b) 1914. 

Very Short Questions and Answers:

1. Where did Gandhi go to study Law?

Ans. Gandhi went to study Law in England.

2. When was the first world war broked out?

Ans. The first world war broke out in 1914.

3. When was the Russian Revolution broked out?

Ans. The Russian Revolution broked out in 1917.

4. Where did Gandhi take up the cause of peasants against landlords?

Ans. Gandhi took up the cause of peasants against landlords at Champaran in the state of Bihar.

5. When and where Mahatma Gandhi was born?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi was born at Porbondar in Gujrat on October 2 1869 in a well-to-do family.

6. When did Gandhi proceed to England to study law?

Ans. He proceeded to England in 1888 to study law.

7. Who organised and led the procession against the Simon Commission at Lahore?

Ans. Lala Lajpat Rai organised and led the procession against the Simon Commission at Lahore.

8. Who declared complete Independence as the chief goal of Indians.

Ans. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

9. When was Independence Day celebrated throughout India before India’s Independence?

Ans. January 26, 1930 was celebrated as Independence Day throughout India.

10. Which commission was accused of being an “All white Commission?

Ans. Simon Commission was accused of being on “All White Commission.”

11. When was ‘Poorna Swaraj Day’ celebrated in India? 

Ans. Poorna Swaraj Day’ celebrated in India on January 26, 1930. 

12. When did Gandhi reform India as a Barrister?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as a Barrister-at-law in 1891.

13. In which year Gandhi went to Natal, South Africa?

Ans. Gandhi went to Natal, South Africa in 1893.

14. Name the political organisation formed in Natal, in 1893? 

Ans. Natal Indian Congress.

15. Name the newspaper published by Gandhi in 1893?

Ans. Indian Opinion.

16. Where did Gandhi start the Satyagraha in India?

Ans. Gandhi started the Satyagraha in India in 1919.

17. What is the meaning of Satyagraha? 

Ans. The root meaning is ‘holding on to truth’.

18. Where did Gandhi take up the cause of mill workers against the mill owners?

Ans. Gandhi took up the cause of mill workers against the mill owners in Ahmedabad.

19. Who was the originator of the Indian National Army?

Ans. Suhan Sing was the originator of the Indian National Army.

20. What was the major aim and objectives of “Azad Hind Fouz’?

Ans. The major aim and objectives was to liberate Indian from the British with the help of the Japanese. 

21. What was “Gandhi-Irwin Pact”?

Ans. On March 5, 1931, an agreement of understanding was reached between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin. These agreement was called the “Gandhi-Irwin Pact.” 

22. What was the main objectives of “Gandhi Irwin Pact.”?

Ans. The main objectives/purpose of the “Gandhi Irwin Pact’s was to make sure the participation of the congress in the Round Table Conference.

23. Mention any two conditions of the Gandhi Irwin Pact signed in 1931.

Ans. The two conditions of the Gandhi Irwin Pact signed in 1931 are:

(i) The congress would be invited to the Round Table Conference.

(ii) The Civil Disobedience Movement would be put under suspension.

24. When did the British Government pass the Rowlatt Act? 

Ans. British Government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919. 

25. Who was the Governor General when the Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919?

Ans. Lord Chelmsford was the Governor General when the Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919.

26. When was the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre taken place?

Ans. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place in April 13, 1919.

27. Who ordered the British troops to fire on the unarmed and defenceless people at Jalianwala Bagh.

Ans. General Dyer ordered the British troops to fire on the unarmed and defenceless people at Jalianwala Bagh.

28. What was the objects of the Khilafat Committee?

Ans. The object of the khilafat committee was to restoration of the Sultan of Turkey as Khalifa of Islam.

29. When was the Non-cooperation Movement started?

Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920.

30. When was the Non-cooperation Movement came to an and?

Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement came to an end in 1922.

31. What was the main gold aim of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920?

Ans. The main goal aim of the Non-cooperation Movement in 1920 was to uphold Indian honour and integrity in a peaceful manner. 

Or

When did Gandhiji start his Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to the Seacoast of Dandi?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi launched Dandi March or Salt Satyagraha on 12 March 1930.

32. How do you know Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan?

Ans. We know Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan as Frontier Gandhi. 

33. Who led the Civil Disobedience Movement in North West Frontier Province?

Ans. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan led the Civil Disobedience Movement in North West Frontier Province.

34. When was the Gandhi-Irwing pact signed?

Ans. The Gandhi-Irwing pact was signed in 1931.

35. When was the Second Round Table Conference held?

Ans. The Second Round Table Conference held in 1931.

36. Where was the Second Round Table held? 

Ans. The Second Round Table Conference was held in London.

37. When was the Civil Disobedience Movement re-started?

Ans. The Civil disobedience Movement restarted in 1931.

38. When was the Civil Disobedience Movement Completely with drawn.”

Ans. The Civil Disobedience Movement Completely withdrawn in May, 1934.

39. Who announcement the communal Award in 1932?

Ans. The British Prime Minister Ramsey Macdonald was announced the comounal Award in 1932.

40. What was slogan of Indian National Army?

Ans. The Slogan of Indian National Army was Jai Hind. 

41. When was the demand for Pakistan first started?

Ans. The demand for Pakistan first started in 1940.

42. When was the Individual Satyagraha Started? 

Ans. The Individual Satyagraha was started in 1940.

43. When was the “August offer” announced?

Ans. In August, 1940 the Viceroy announced the famous ‘August offer’.

44. Name the first satyagrahi who was to court arrest?

Ans. The first Satyagrahi who was to court arrest was Acharya Vinoba Bhabe.

45. When did Gandhi launch Quit India Movement? 

Ans. Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

46. Who formed the ‘Provisional Government of Free India’ in singapore.

Ans. Subhash Chandra Bose formed the ‘Provisional Government of Free India’ in Singapore.

47. Who was sent with new constitutional proposals by the British war cabinet in March 1942?

Ans. Sir Stafford Cripps was sent with new constitutional proposals by the British war cabinet in March 1942.

48. When was the second world war broken out?

Ans. The Second World War was broken out 1939.

Short Questions and Answers:

1. What is Rowlatt Act? What was its objectives? 

Ans. In 1917, the Governor General Lord Chelmsford appointed a Committee under the chairmanship of justice Sydney Rowlatt to investigate the nature and extent a revolution activities and to suggest legislation to deal with them effectively. This Act is called the Rowlatt Act in 1919.

The objective of the Rowlatt Act, 1919 are:

(i) British Government wanted to introduced a new repressive act in place of defence of India Rule.

(ii) To suppress the Nationalist they wanted to India Rule. 

(iii) To suppress the leaders who non-cooperated with the Government.

2. What was Satyagraha, according to Gandhi? 

Ans. According to Gandhi, Satyagraha was a “religious movement’, a process of “purification and penance”.

3. Give a brief account of Satyagraha or Non-violence movement, 1919?

Ans. In protest against the Rowlatt Act, Gandhi started the Satyagraha or the Non-Violence movement in 1919. Satyagraha according to Gandhi, was a ‘religious movement’, a process of purification and penance. The movement was launched on April 6, 1919, with a day of hartal when business was to be suspended and the people were to fast and pray. The movement gradually became a mass movement. It projected Gandhi as ‘an all India leader with immense potential’. He was arrested but was soon set free. The government on its part crushed the movement with a heavy hand.

4. Mention any two causes that led to the Non-cooperation movement. 

Ans. (i) The discontent over the World War-I, as it had taken big toll on Indian’s economy and human resources.

(ii) The Jaliwanwala Bagh massacre of 1919 were a big setback for every Indians.

5. For what purposes did Gandhi start Satyagraha?

Ans. Gandhi started Satyagraha against a judicial decision which made illegal all Indian marriages in South Africa which were not registered in accordance with chaistion acts.

6. What is the meaning of “Satyagraha”?

Ans. The word Satyagraha was first used by Gandhi in South Africa. It is a compound of two separate words, ‘satya’ which mean truth and Agraha” which mean holding fast. Its root meaning is holding on to truth. Non-violence formed the very bans of satyagraha. 

7. Where in India did Gandhi three local disputes?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi was solved three local disputs in India:

(a) In Champaran (North Bihar)

(b) In Kheda (Gujrat)

(c) In Ahmedabad.

8. Write briefly on the First Round Table Conference in 1930.

Ans. The First Round Table Conference was held in London under the chairmanship of the British Prime Minister Ramsey Macdonald from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931. None of the representative from the congress participated in the conference. All the participants including the British Prime Minister Ramsey Macdonald realized that without the participation of the congress the solution of the Indian political problem was not possible. 

9. Give brief account of Gandhi-Irwin pact of 1931?

Ans. On March 5, 1931, an agreement of understanding was reached between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India. The terms of the agreement included the immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted for violence, the remission of all fines not yet collected and the return of confiscated lands of Satyagrahis not yet sold to third parties. The government also conceded the right to make salt for consumption to villages along the coast, as also the right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing. The Congress on its part agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience movement.

It was also understood that the Congress would participate in the next Round Table Conference.

10. Discuss briefly in the Second Round Table Conference in 1931? 

Ans. The Second Round Table Conference was held in London in 1931. Mahatma Gandhi participated in it as the sole representative of the Congress. The conference was a failure as no decisions could be reached regarding joint or separate electorates and the number of seats for various communities. Gandhi returned to India being disappointed. 

11. Write the Negative sides of the Non-cooperation Movement?

Ans. The negative side is usually referred to as the triple boycott; namely-boycott of legislatures courts and educational institutions, schools and colleges maintained or aided by the Government.

12. Write the possitive sides of the Non-cooperation Movement?

Ans. The possitive sides like setting up arbitration boards to take the place of courts and National schools and colleges where student leaving Government schools and colleges might continue their education.

13. What is Simon Commission? 

Ans. The Government of India Act of 1919, laid down that after a period of about ten years, a Commission would arrive an India to inquire into the working of the reforms introduced by it. Accordingly, in 1928, a commission of seven members under the leadership of Sir John Simon reached India. This Commission is called the Simon Commission. But as the Commission did not have a single Indian member, the Congress boycotted it. Slogans of ‘Go Back Simon’ rent the air. At Lahore, a procession organized against the Simon Commission under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai was ‘lathi charged Lajpat Rai was seriously wounded and he subsequently died. 

14. When and which session of the Indian National Congress was ‘Poorna Swaraj’ declared to be the chief goal of the Indians?

Ans. In the Lahore congress session in 1929,under the presidentship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

15. Who were members of Cabinet Mission?

Ans. The members of Cabinet Mission were:

(i) Lord Pathic Lawrence.

(ii) Sir Stafford Cripps.

(iii) AV Alexander.

16. Who were the Allied forces?

Ans. The allied forces constituted the nations of Great Britain, United States of America and France.

17. What promise did the Allied forces make to India at the start of first world war?

Ans. The Allied forces promised to India at the start of first world war that, democracy and national self determination would be offenced to India offer the war if they support for their war effort.

18. Where and when did Gandhi begin the struggle of Indians against racism?

Ans. Gandhi began the struggle of Indians against racism in 1893 in South Africa.

19. When and how the formation of congress Ministries, 1937-1939? 

Ans. In 1935, the British government passed the Government passed the Government of India Act by which Provincial autonomy was given to the Indian Provinces. As a result of the elections, the Congress party formed government in eight out of the eleven provinces, with the exception of Punjab, Sind and Bengal. The prestige of the Congress as the alternative to colonial state rose even higher.

20. When did the resignation of Congress Ministries 1939?

Ans. When the Second World War broke out, the Government of India immediately declared India to be at war with Germany without consulting the Congress or the elected members of the Central legislature. The Congress claimed that since the war had been declared without the consent of the Indian people, it could not associate itself with it unless India was declared an independent nation. The Congress ministeries therefore resigned on November 1, 1939. 

21. Where and when and who started the demand for Pakistan?

Ans. Mahammad Ali Jinnah at the Lahore session of the Muslim League in March 1940 demanded a separate homeland for the Muslim, Pakistan.

22. What is Individual Satyagraha, 1940?

Ans. In August, 1940, the Viceroy announced the famous ‘August offer’ proposing the expansion of the Viceroy’s Executive Council, and to constitute it as a War Advisory Council for the purpose of associating Indians in was efforts. However, as it did not propose the granting of independence, the offer was rejected both by the Congress and Muslim League.

As a moral protest against Britain’s policy towards India, the Congress started the Individual Satyagraha in October, 1940, under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi. Individual Satyagraha was also known as ‘Delhi Chalo Satyagraha’. The first satyagrahi to court arrest was Acharya Vinoba Bhabe.

23. Write shortly about the demand for Pakistan in 1940? 

Ans. The resignation of the Congress ministries was celebrated by the Muslim League as ‘The Day of Deliverance’ on December 22, 1939. At the Lahore session of the Muslim League (March, 1940), Jinnah, in his Presidential Address, emphasizing on his Two-nation theory demanded a separate homeland for the Muslims or what he called as Pakistan. The English who wanted to weaken the national movement also encouraged separatist spirit. 

24. Write shortly about the Cripps Mission 1942?

Ans. The entry of Japan in the War and their remarkable success posed a real danger to the safety of India’s defence. It made England to soften her attitude towards India in March 1942, the British War Cabinet sent Sir Stafford Cripps with new constitutional proposals. He proposed to set up an Indian Union with Dominion status soon after the war. He had consultations with the different political parties, but as he did not propose any immediate transfer of power, his scheme was not accepted both by the Congress and the Muslim League. The general feeling was expressed by a pithy saying, that they were a ‘Post-dated cheque on a crashing bank’.

25. What was the main gold aim of the Non Co-operation Movement in 1920?

Ans. The main goal aim of the Non-co-operation Movement in 1920 was to uphold Indian honour and integrity in a peaceful manner.

26. What was the objects of the khilafat committee? 

Ans. The object of the khilafat committee was to restoration of the Sultan of Turkey as Khalifat of Islam.

27. What was the major aim and objectives of “Azad Hind Fouz”?

Ans. The major aims and objectives was to liberate Indian from the British with the help of the Japanese.

28. What was the main objectives of ‘Gandhi Irwin Pact’? 

Ans. The main objectives of the ‘Gandhi Irwin Pact’s was to make sure the participation of the congress in the Round Table Conference. 

29. What was the objects of the Khilafat committee?

Ans. The object of the khilafat committee was to restoration of the Sultan of Turkey as Khalifa of Islam.

30. For whom Fauj both Gandhi and Nehru strongly protest? 

Ans. M.K. Gandhi and J. Nehru both were strongly critical of Hitlar and Nazis.

31. Name the other factores which led to Quit India Movement?

Ans. The other factors which led to Quit India Movement was: 

(i) the fear of Japan attacking India,

(ii) terror in East Bengal and the fact that India had realised that the British could not defend the country anymore. 

32. Why Quit India Movement known as August Movement?

Ans. Accordingly, in August 1992, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement also known as the August Movement on the basis of the resolution passed on 8th August, 1942 in Bombay.

33. Mention the historic lecture given by Gandhi in the August Movement in Bombay.

Ans. Gandhiji delivered a lecture in historical August movement at Guwalia Tank Bombay by raising his slogan “Do on Die.” For this slogan, the Indian People passionately joined National Movement all over the nation. 

34. Discuss shortly the Birth of Independent India August 15th 1947?

Ans. On August 15, 1947, British domination over India came to an end. The country was partitioned into India and Pakistan. Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan, while Lord Mountbatten was appointed as the first Governor-General of Free India. Jawaharlal Nehru was sworn in as the Prime Minister. 

On August 17, 1947, the Radcliffe Line was accepted as the boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan. In March 1971, when Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) became Independent from Pakistan, the Radcliffe Line remained as the demarcation line between India and Bangladesh.

35. When was ‘Muslim League’ formed in India? Mention its two objectives.

Ans. The all India Muslim League was formed in the year 1906.

Objectives of the Muslim League:

(i) To promote the feeling of loyalty towards the British among the Muslim in India.

(ii) To Protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims and to represent their needs and aspirations to the government.

(iii) To promote among the Indian Muslims, support for the British government and to remove any misconceptions regarding the intention of the government in relation to Indian Muslims.

Essay type Questions and Answer:

1. Who were the members of the Cabinet Mission? Write the expected proposal prepared by the Cabinet Mission for the solution of the political problem of India. 

Ans. In 1946, the new Labour party Prime Minister. Mr Clement Attlee, who was sympathetic to the Indians, sent the Cabinet Mission to India. Its aim to resolve the deadlock and make India a free country. 

The Mission comprised of three members of Attlee’s cabinet are:

(i) Sir Stafford Cripps.

(ii) Lord Pathic Lawrence.

(iii) Mr AV Alexander.

The other things the Mission recommended that:

(i) There was to be a Union of India comprising both British India and the Indian states with control over foreign affairs, defence and communication. was to be divided into three groups of provinces-Group A-consisting of Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bihar and Orissa;

Group B-North West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan, and Group C-Bengal and Assam.

(ii) A constituent Assembly showed be elected to draw the future constitution of the country.

(iii) Till the constitution was ready, an interim government should be set up at the centre.

In the elections for the Constituent Assembly, the Congress bagged majority seats. The Muslim League boycott the Assembly and on August 16, 1946, it observed the ‘Direct Action Day’ to achieve Pakistan. Communal riots broke out in different part of the country, especially Bengal. Nevertheless, and interim government under the leadership of pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was formed at the centre. The Muslim League initially refused to be a part of the ministry, but later joined it of its own accord. The rift between the Con- gress and the Muslim League however continued.

On February 20, 1947. Prime Minister Attlee announced the decision of His Majesty’s Government to hand over power to the people.

2. Discuss the contribution of Indian National Army to India’s freedom struggle.

Ans. Suhan Singh was the creator of the Indian National Army. He was previously a captain of the British-Indian armed forces. In December 1941, the Japanese attacked Malay, the British dependency and defeated the British forces there. Suhan Singh fleeing from the battle-field along with a small group of soldiers later surrendered to the Japanese forces. Thereafter, Suhan Singh, at the advice of the Japanese soldiers, organized an anti-British armed force taking all the war-prisoners of the British-Indian forces. The name of this force was Indian National Army.

The aim of this National Indian Army was to liberate Indian from the British with the help of the Japanese. 

Even if the Indian National Army was organized under Japanese help and co-operation, its purpose was to liberate India from the clutches of the British and was determined to desist Japan from establishing her hold over India at all cost. Keeping these objectives in view the soldiers of the Indian National Army were committed to make supreme sacrifice for the liberation of the country. The soldiers of the Indian National Army neither worked as the mercenary of Japan nor did they become tools in the hands of Japan for the realization of her political ambition. The leaders of the Indian National Army maintained the independence of its organization intact at all times.

The soldiers of the Indian National Army used to address Subhas Chandra Bose as ‘Netaji’ and in turn Bose too kept the fighting spirit of the soldiers burning with the slogan of ‘Jay Hind.’ The soldiers of the Indian National Army marched towards India and by the month of March 1944 by crossing the boundary they entered into about 150 kilometres of the country. Thus fighting in the struggle for freedom of the country nearly 4,000 soldiers of the Indian National Army sacrificed their lives.

But their further attempts at marching into the country remained suspended due to the course of the war showing progressive development in favour of the Allied Powers.

However, the Indian National Army contributed much towards the advancement of the freedom struggle of the country, though for a short period of time. Internally the Quit India movement and externally the Indian National Army reduced the power and strength of the imperialist by attacking at the core of the British armed forces in India. History remained silent since 1945 about the whereabouts of Subhas Chandra Bose. Till today nothing has been known about his end. Many people believed that he died of a plane crash, but the Justice Mukherjee Commission (2004-06) has established that instead of his demise in a plane crash Subhas Chandra Bose had been missing since 1945.

3. Write a short note on the Rowlatt Act. 1919?

Ans. In 1917, the Governor General Lord Chelmsfurd appointed a Committee under the Chairmanship of Justice Sydney Rowlatt to investigate the nature and extent of revolutionary activities, and to suggest legislation if necessary to deal with them effectively. On the basis of the Report, the government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919. The Act authorized the govern- ment to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a Court of law. The Act came as a rule shock Indians.

4. Write the demands of the Gandhi in 1930, 31th January?

Ans. In 1929, at Lahore Congress, it was decided that the goal of the Congress was to attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence for India. Consequently, on 26 January 1930, ‘Purna Swaraj Day’ was celebrated in India. On 31 January 1930, Gandhi gave an ultimatum to the Viceroy Lord Irwin to remove the evils of the British rule with a list of demands. 

The list of demands was:

(i) Prohibition of use of intoxicants.

(ii) Change of the ratio of rupee and sterling.

(iii) Reduction of the rate of land revenue.

(iv) Abolition of salt tax.

(v) Reduction of military expenditure.

(vi) Reduction of expenditure on civil administration.

(vii) Imposition of custom duty on foreign cloths.

(viii) Acceptance of the Postal Reservation Bill.

(ix) Abolition of the Crime Investigation Department.

(x) Release of all political prisoners.

(xi) Issuing license of arms to citizens for self protection, subject to popular control.

5. Discuss briefly the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, April 13, 1919?

Ans. On April 13, a public meeting was held in Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer, who was in command of the troops, took no steps to prevent it from being held. The meeting ground was enclosed on all sides by high walls and had one narrow entrance. Under the orders of General Dyer, British troops mercilessly fired on the unarmed and defenceless people. Hundreds of lives were lost and many more were wounded. Martial law was proclaimed in Punjab. It was marked by indiscriminate arrests, confiscation of property, whipping etc. The government appointed a Committee of Enquiry under Lord Hunter to probe the Punjab disturbances. Dyer was removed from active service by the British government in London, but he was absolved from guilt. A strong wave of discontent swept the country. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest against the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.

6. Mention the causes for which the Non-cooperation Movement was originated.

Ans. Non-co-operation was the first political movement of India under Gandhi’s leadership against the British government in India. The movement was not due to a single factor; rather several factors were related with it.

Since the First World War the political situation in the country had gradually started to become restive. With the beginning of the First World War in 1914, the British-Indian government promulgated the “Defense of India Rules” (1914) and gave assurance that it would withdraw it soon after the conclusion of the War. But they did not fulfill the promise and instead they promulgated the much more rigorous legislations like the Rowlatt Act in the country. The Act came into force with effect from 18 March 1919.

The political leaders of the country became dissatisfied with the govern- ment. On the advice of Gandhi the people observed hartal across the coun- try on 6 April 1919. Gandhi tried his level best to transform this anti-Rowlatt Act movement to the Satyagraha movement.

With a view to registering their protest against the Rowlatt Act, thousands of people gathered at Jallianwalabagh, Amritsar in Punjab on 13 April 1919. Brigadier General Dyer, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab had already earned notoriety as a haughty administrator Apprehending trouble, he imposed martial law in Punjab, and handed over the administration of Amritsar to General Reginald Dyer.

Nearly 20,000 people gathered at the Jallianwalabagh in Amritsar. The Bagh surrounded by high wall had only one passage to get in and out. General Dyer, the administrator of Amritsar, while taking position on the passage along with 150 army personnel ordered them to resort to firing on the peaceful gathering. Including children and women 379 people died on the spot, while another 1,500 people became crippled for life in consequence of the firing resorted to by the military for about an hour. 

The peace treaties, which were signed in the Paris Peace Conference to bring to an end the First World War, held out the prospect of endangering the existence of Turkey While threatening the territorial unity and integrity of Turkey the peace treaties at the same time held out the prospect of lowering the prestige and status of the Caliph, the head of the state of Turkey. England was one of the members of the Allied Powers. So when England. violated the previous promises given to Turkey to keep intact the official status and prestige of the Caliph as well as the territorial integrity of the country, the people belonging to Islam all over the world became restive against the British.

India was no exception; here also the anti-British stance of the Muslim population reached the boiling point. With a view to restoring the territorial integrity as well as the official status and prestige of the Caliph of Turkey, the Central Khilafat Committee was organized in India. Front ranking political lead- ers of the Congress like Mahatma Gandhi, Motilai Nehru, Madan Mohan Malaviya took active part in organizing the Central Khilafat Committee.

Later a meeting of the Central Khilafat Committee was held in Delhi in January 1920. Among others Gandhi was also present in the meeting. And under his instruction the meeting for the first time accepted the principles and programmes of the Non-cooperation Movement against the British- Indian government. Thus it is seen that the Non-cooperation Movement originated out of because of three major factors; the Rowlatt Act, the geno- cide at Jallianwalabagh and the problems concerning Turkey.

7. In what political situation was the Gandhi-Irwin pact signed?

Ans. The British government arrested the Congress president Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi respectively on 14 April and 5 May 1930 for starting the movement. Because of this incident, the movement in the country got new momentum.

In the meanwhile, the First Round Table Conference was held in London under the chairmanship of the British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931. None of the representatives from the Congress participated in the conference. All the participants including the British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald realized that without the par- ticipation of the Congress the solution of the Indian political problem was not possible. On the other hand, the boycott of the British goods was at its peak. Under this situation the British government too became eager to arrive at a compromise with the Congress leadership.

With a view to reducing the prevailing tension in the country, Lord Irwin, the British Viceroy of India, released all the main political leaders of the Indian political parties on 25 January 1931 from jail. Next a series of parleys was also held between the Viceroy and Gandhi. The parley continued for about 15 days and ultimately a settlement was signed on 5 March (1931) between the two. This settlement is called the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The main purpose of the pact was to make sure the participation of the Congress in the Round table Conference.

There was not a single stipulation on the question of Indian independence in the pact. The terms of the pact were as follows:

(1) The federal system would be the basis for the solution of any Indian political question,

(2) The Congress would be invited to the Round Table Conference,

(3) The Civil Disobedience Movement would be put under suspension, 

(4) The boycott of British goods as a political weapon from the side of the Congress would be given up, 

(5) The programme of picketing against shops dealing with foreign goods and wine would continue,

(6) The government restrictions imposed against the Civil Disobedience Movement would be withdrawn, 

(7) The notifications in force declaring be withdrawn, all the organizations illegal would be withdrawn, 

(8) The prisoners not connected with criminal/violent activities would be released from the jail,

(9) The money collected under punitive fines would be returned to the respective individual/persons, 

(10) The movable properties confiscated in satisfaction of revenues or for participating in the movement would be returned. 

8. Discuss the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Freedom Movement of India.

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi was one of the greatest personalities of the world. He was perhaps born to tell the path of truth, ‘Ahimsa and peace to the suffering humanity. The leadership of the National Movement by Gandhiji was an event of great significance in the history of national movement of our country. Gandhiji played a role from the second decade of the 20th century in the freedom movement of India. He made the national movement a mass movement and turned the congress into an organisation of the freedom fighter people of India. He led the freedom struggle till its culmination in 1947 A.D.

While evolving his principle Gandhi was influenced by the though and ideals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, thoreau and Tolstoy. During the period of 1893-1914 Gandhi had first applied the principle of nonviolence while fighting against the autocratic ruling class of South Africa.

After his return to India, Gandhi initiated a new and novel method in organizing political movement against the British government on the models of political movements he had in the meantime successfully experimented in practical polities in South Africa.

Non-co-operation was the first political movement of India under Gandhi’s leadership against the British government in India. The movement was not due to a single factor rather several factors were related with it.

The responsibility of conducting the non-co-operation Movement was entruested with Mahatma Gandhi and he in turn said that if the policy of non-violence were followed then India would attain freedom and indepen- dence with in one year.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was formally started in March 1930. On March 12th Gandhi began his march from Sabarmati to Dandi at the seashore a distance of about 241 miles along with 78 of his followers. He arrived at Dandi on 5th April and on the next day broke the salt law by boiling the seawater there. Thus under the congress or Gandhi’s leadership the second stage of the freedom movement against the British had begun.

9. Mention four main provisions of Indian Independence Act, 19477? 

Ans. The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act in July 1947. Its main provisions were:

(i) India and Pakistan were to become independent on August 15, 1947.

(ii) Two dominions of India and Pakistan were to be established and their Constituent Assemblies were to decide whether to remain within the British Commonwealth of Nations or not.

(iii) Each dominion was to have a Governor General appointed by the king.

(iv) The Legislatures of both the dominions were fully empowered to make their laws.

10. Write a short note on Communal Award in 1932?

Ans. It was during the disturbed days of the Civil Disobedience Movement that the British policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ found a new expression in the announcement of the Communal Award in August 1932, by British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald. Apart from continuing with the policy of giving separate electorates to the minority communities, namely, Sikh, Christian and Muslim, the Award declared the depressed classes also to be minorities. They were given separate electorates and thus separated them from the rest of the Hindus. On this issue, Gandhi, then in Jail, undertook a fast unto death.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended. Therefore, Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference held from the British Home Government refused to accede to the demand of Dominion Status the Second Round Table Conference turned into a fiasco.

Within 8 months from the failure of the Second Round Table Conference, Ramsay Macdonald, the British Prime Minister, made announcement about the Communal Award, i.e. separate electorates for India on 10 August 1932. In the meantime, the India Acts of 1909 and 1919 made provisions for sepa- rate electrorates for the Muslim and the Sikhs.

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