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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 Politics of Planned Development
AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Unit 3 Politics of Planned Development Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Political Science Chapter 3 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Part 2 In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT,AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Part 2 Chapter 3.
Unit 3 Politics of Planned Development
A. Very Short Types Question & Answers:
1. When was the Planning Commission set up?
Ans: The Planning Commission was set up in 1950.
2. What is FYP?
Ans: F.Y.P means five year plans.
3. When did the First Five Year Plan started?
Ans: The First Five Year Plan started from 1st April 1951.
4. Name a large scale project which was included in the First Five Year plan?
Ans: The large scale project included in the first five year plan was Bhakra Nangal Dam.
5. Who was the founder of Indian Statistical Institute?
Ans: P. C. Mahalanobis was the founder of Indian Statistical Institute.
6. On which country had India to be dependent for food crisis?
Ans: India has to be dependent upon United States of America for food crisis.”
7. Name of full form of AMUL?
Ans: The full form of AMUL is Anand Milk Union Limited.
8. Who is called the ‘Milkman of India’?
Ans: Dr. Verghese Kurien is called as the “Milkman of India.”
9. State two objectives of planning?
Ans: Two objectives of planning is to ensure development and program.
10. State any two advantages of planning?
Ans: Ensure equal opportunity of development and justice.
11. In which year Planning Commission was set up and who was the first chairman of planning Commission?
Ans: The planning commission was set up in 1950. Jawahar Lal Nehru was the first chairman of Planning Commission.
12. When was India’s New Economic Policy launched who was its chief architect?
Ans: India’s New Economic Policy was launched in 1991. The chief architect of India’s New Economic Policy was Dr. Manmohan Singh.
13. Why is Planning Commission called extra-constitutional body?
Ans: Planning Commission is called an extra constitutional body because it was formed to help the government in making the development plans also in keeping check or the implementation.
14. What is Plan budget?
Ans: Planned Budget is that budget which spent on a five year basis as per the priorities fixed by the plan.
15. Define Distributive justice?
Ans: Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of an allocation or more broadly to how people judge what they receive.
16. Who was P.C. Mahalanobis?
Ans: P.C. Mahalanobis was an economist and planner who drafted the second five year plan.
17. What does NITI stands for?
Ans: NITI stands for National Institution for transforming India.
18. In which year NITI Aayog was formed?
Ans: NITI Aayog was formed by a resolution of the Union Cabinet on January 1, 2015.
19. What are the two types of Government Budget?
Government budget is divided into two: name these two types of budget?
Ans: The two types of Government Budget: (i) Balanced Budget, (ii) Unbalanced Budget.
20. In which year was the First Five Year plan started?
Ans: The First Five Year Plan was started in the year 1951.
21. What is meant by ‘mixed economy’?
Ans: Mixed economy is an economy having elements of both capitalist and socialist economy. In this system full fledge importance is given to the public sector but limited importance is given to the private sector.
22. What is meant by planned development?
Ans: Planned development means that development should focus not only the progress path but also eliminating the challenges of socio-economic issues.
23. From where the idea of planning in India was drawn?
Ans: The idea of planning in India was drawn from the planning experiment started in soviet union since 1928.
24. Mention the main objective of Second Five Year Plan.
Ans: The main objective of Second Five Year Plan was heavy industrialisation.
25. Who is regarded as the hero of India’s Green Revolution?
Ans: M.S Swaminathan is regarded as the hero of India’s Green Revolution.
26. Why did India adopted Planning?
Ans: India adopted planning to give economic content to political freedom.
It was taken up with the objective to resolve the contradictions of an unequal society.
B. Short Type Questions & Answers:
1. Why did the Orissa villagers protest against POSCO plan?
Ans: The orissa villagers protested against the POSCO plan because:
(i) It threatened the rights and liberties of the tribal people.
(ii) It displaced them permanently from their home and livelihood.
2. What were the major outcome of Planned economy.
Ans: (i) Reduces the wastage of time and resources and thus facilitates the optimum use of the country’s natural and human resources.
(ii) Helps the country to advance and progress and thus, increases the per capita income.
3. What do you mean by left and right party?
Ans: Left party refer to these who are in favour of poor and downtrodden and support government policies for the benefit of the poor section.
On the other Right Party refer to those who are in favour of free market and free competition. It is an approach in which the government doesn’t interfere in the matter of economy.
4. What was the modernization associated with?
Ans: Modernisation was associated with development. Modernisation was linked with nations of growth, material progress and scientific nationality. It led the countries in the grouping system as developed, developing and under developed.
5. What was Bombay plan?
Ans: A section of the big industrialists got together in 1944 and drafted a joint proposal for setting up a planned economy in the country. It was called Bombay Plan. The Bombay Plan wanted the state to make major initiatives in industrial and other economic investments.
6. Write the composition of the planning commission.
Ans: The planning commission consists of the Prime Minister as its chairman, some ministers who are incharge of economic portfolios and some other members. Also the members of the commission must have an administrative and educational background.
7. What is the Kerala Model?
Ans: The Kerala Model is the name given to the path of planning and development charted by the state of Kerala. This model was based on the decentralised planning.” In the model, emphasis has been laid on education health, land reform, effective food distribution and poverty alleviation.
8. What is Plan Holiday? Why some years are called Plan Holidays?
Ans: Plan Holiday is the gap between the two five year plans. During some years (1979-80, 1990-92) there were no five year plans but stop gap arrangement by way of annual plans. It was due to change in government, government’s lack of clarity about development goals, strategies etc, that five years plans were not formulated or even subject to review and changes by the succeeding governments.
9. What do you mean by Planning?
Ans: Planning is to make future plans for the best use of existing resources. India’s economic development includes economic growth and social justice. Government has to play an important role in the economic development of India.
10. Write the main objectives of Planning in India?
Ans: The main objectives of planning in India:
(i) Raising national income and per capita income.
(ii) Bringing self-sufficiency in food.
(iii) Bringing rapid industrialization.
(iv) Increasing agricultural production.
(v) Raising the standard of living.
11. What do you mean by Planning? What is its importance for development?
Ans: Planning can be defined as systematic regulation of an activity which is undertaken by the government to set up priorities and reduce the wastage of time and resources.
Planning is very much important to ensure development of a country. Planning is an instrument of bringing desired socio-economic change as well as progress. Planning is important to achieve distributive justice which means to establish a just society with development for all section of people in the society.
12. Discuss the decentralised planning?
Ans: Planning that penetrates to the grass root level is called decentralised planning. It is not necessary that all planning always has to be centralised, nor it is that planning is only about big industries and large projects. It can be better explained through the Kerala model of decentralisation which is regarded as the path of planning and development charted by the state of Kerala.
This decentralised model focused on education, health, land reform; effective food distribution and poverty alleviation. Despite low per capita incomes, and a relatively weak industrial base, Kerala achieved nearly total literacy, long life expectancy, low infant and female mortality, low birth rates and high access to medical care. Between 1987 and 1991, the government launched the new Democratic initiative which involved campaigns for development designed to involve people directly in development activities through voluntary citizen’s organizations. The state has also taken initiative to involve people in making plans at the Panchayat, block and district level.
13. State the main arguments in the debate that ensued between Industrialization and Agriculture Development at the time of Second Five Year Plan.
Ans: The main arguments in the debate that ensued between industrialisation and agricultural development were as given below:
(1) It was argued that without a drastic increase in industrial productive these could be no Eradication of poverty. They argued that Indian planning did have an agrarian strategy to boast the production of food grains. They stated that the land reforms and distributions of resources among the poor failed due to its non-implementation because the landowning classes had social and political power.
(ii) It favour of agricultural development J.C. Kumarappa and other Gandhian economists put greater emphasis on rural industrialisation.Chaudhary Charan Singh, a congress leader at that time, favoured the case for keeping agriculture at the centre of planning in India because the planning was leading to creation of prosperity in urban and industrial section at the expense of the farmers and rural population.
14. Discuss the ideas of development?
Ans: Development means increase in national economy. It also mes change coupled with economic growth and socio-economic progress.it refers to increasing capacity to make rational use of natural and human resources for socio economic progress. It is a process of improving living standards and attaining an economic viable level of industrial production. It has to be judged by the improvement it makes in quality of life of people of both material and spiritual creation of a harmonious equality based society and a self reliant action.
15. What did the Cabinet resolution of 1950 State regarding aim of a mixed economy?
Ans: The aim of mixed economy:
(i) Providing adequate means of livelihood to all citizens equally.
(ii) State control and ownership of material resources of the country and ensure common good.
(iii) Prohibit concentration of wealth and means of production in the hands of a few.
16. Mention two positive and two negative consequences of the Green Revolution?
Ans: Two Positive consequences of green Revolution:
(i) Boosting the major cereals like wheat and rice.
(ii) The crop patter undergone a significant changes.
Two negative consequences of Green Revolution:
(i) Led the concentration of wealth in the hands of top 10 percent of rural population.
(ii) Widened the gap between poor and small farmers.
17. Give a brief outline on the process of plan formulation?
Ans: Plans are formulated by the planning commission on the basis of guideline given by the National Development Council.
A draft of the final plan is considered by the Union Cabinet and then submitted for approval to the NDC. After approval of the NDC and Cabinet, the plan is presented before the parliament. After its formulation the plan is divided into plans for convenient implementation and allocation of resources. The implementation of plans is not done by the planning commission but by the state and union government.
18. Who was called the ‘Milkman of India? Discuss the White Revolution?
Ans: Mr. Verghese Kurien is know as the “Milkman of India.” Based in Anand, a town in Gujarat, Amul is a diary co-operative movement joined by about 2 and half million milk producers in Gujarat. The Amul pattern became a uniquely appropriate model for rural development and poverty alleviation spurring what has come to be known as the White Revolution. In 1970’s the rural development programme called operation flood was started. Operation flood organised co-operatives of milk producers into a nation wide milk grid, with the purpose of increasing milk production, bringing the producer and consumer closer by eliminating middlemen, and assuring the producers a regular income throughout the year.
19. Explain the First Five Year plan?
Ans: The First Five Year Plan is India started from 1st April 1951 and it covered the period upto 31st March, 1956.
The First Five year Plan had two major objectives:
(i) To correct the disequilibrium in the economy caused by war and partition.
(ii) To bring balanced development which ensure increasing national income and improvement in living standards.
The major thrust of the First Five year plan was to lay a foundation for future economic development of the country, which ensure social justice, quality and progress. Therefore, priority was given for agricultural development. However, the Second Five Year Plan gave priority on industrialization.
20. Who was the architect of the Second Five Year plan? Discuss is goal.
Ans: P. C. Mahalanobis was the architect of the Second Five Year Plan. The Second Five Year Plan wanted to bring about quick structural transformation by making changes simultaneously in all possible direction.
Is important goals are:
(i)To achieve a rapid economic development.
(ii) To established a “Socialist pattern of Society”.
(iii) To increase the national income at the rate of 5% per annum of 25% over the plan period.
(iv) To expand employment opportunities.
21. What is private sector? How does it differ from public sector?
Ans: Private Sector means the economic sector where priority is given to private production.
In Private Sector Capitalist own the resources and means of production.
But in public sector, private property is abolished and means of production are owned by the state.
In Private Sector there is competition, among the different private parties.
On the other hand, in public sector there is no possibility or limited possibility for competition and improvement of quality.
deficiency can be maintained in private sector but the efficiency level does down in public sector.
Corruption is generally low in Private Sector but due to departmental ominated work in Public Sector corruption is more prevalent.
C. Long Type Questions & Answers:
1. What are the objectives of planning?
Ans: The objectives of planning vary depending on the context, but in general, the key objectives of planning are as follows:
(a) Economic Development: Planning aims to promote economic development and growth by setting targets, formulating strategies, and allocating resources efficiently. It involves identifying sectors and industries that require development, mobilizing investments, and implementing policies that foster economic progress.
(b) Social Welfare: Planning seeks to improve the overall well-being of the population by addressing social issues and ensuring equitable distribution of resources and opportunities. It aims to provide access to essential services such as healthcare, education, housing, and basic amenities, and to reduce social inequalities.
(c) Infrastructure Development: Planning focuses on developing and maintaining essential infrastructure such as transportation networks, energy systems, communication facilities, and public utilities. This is crucial for supporting economic activities, enhancing connectivity, and improving the quality of life for the population.
(d) Environmental Sustainability: Planning aims to promote sustainable development by considering the environmental impact of policies and projects. It seeks to balance economic growth with environmental conservation and protection, ensuring the efficient use of natural resources, promoting renewable energy sources, and minimizing pollution and degradation.
(e) Regional and Spatial Development: Planning plays a role in
promoting balanced regional development by reducing regional disparities and addressing spatial inequalities. It involves spatial planning to ensure optimal distribution of economic activities, infrastructure, and resources across different regions, thereby reducing regional imbalances.
(f) Employment Generation: Planning aims to create employment opportunities and reduce unemployment by promoting economic activities, attracting investments, and supporting the growth of labor-intensive indus industries. It includes policies and programs for skill development, entrepreneurship, and job creation to enhance livelihood opportunities.
(g) Long-Term Vision and Stability: Planning provides a long-term vision and stability to guide policy decisions and investments. It helps in setting clear objectives, anticipating future challenges, and ensuring the sustainability and resilience of development processes.
2. What are the three phases in Economic development?
Ans: The three phases in economic development are as follows:
(a) Traditional Society: In this phase, the economy is predominantly agrarian, with limited technological advancements and low levels of productivity. The majority of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, and economic activities are primarily focused on meeting basic needs. Industrialization and modernization are limited, and there is a lack of infrastructure, education, and healthcare facilities. The economy relies heavily on natural resources and traditional methods of production.
(b) Transitional Phase: This phase marks the transition from a traditional agrarian economy to a more diversified and industrialized economy. It is characterized by the emergence of manufacturing and industrial sectors, increased urbanization, and technological advancements. The economy experiences a shift from agriculture to industry as the primary driver of growth. Infrastructure development, education, and healthcare systems improve, and there is a gradual transition from subsistence farming to market-oriented agriculture. The workforce becomes more specialized, and productivity levels start to rise.
(c) Modern Industrialized Phase: This phase represents a fully
industrialized and developed economy. It is characterized by a strong industrial base, advanced technology, high levels of productivity, and a diversified services sector. The economy is driven by innovation, knowledge-based industries, and high-value exports. There is a well- developed infrastructure, efficient institutions, and a skilled workforce. The standard of living is generally higher, and the economy is integrated into the global market. Investment in research and development, education, and human capital becomes crucial for sustaining growth and competitiveness.
3. What was the role of the Planning Commission?
Ans: The Planning Commission was a key institution in India’s economic planning and development process. It was established in 1950 and functioned as a central planning authority until its dissolution in 2014.
The Planning Commission had the following roles:
(a) Formulating Five-Year Plans: One of the primary roles of the Planning Commission was to formulate the Five-Year Plans, which were comprehensive plans outlining the economic and social development priorities for a five-year period. The commission, in consultation with various stakeholders, prepared the plans by assessing the country’s resources, identifying growth targets, and formulating policies and programs to achieve those targets.
(b) Allocating Resources: The Planning Commission played a crucial role in resource allocation. It assessed the resource requirements for various sectors and projects and allocated funds accordingly. It considered the priorities outlined in the Five-Year Plans and distributed resources among states and sectors to ensure equitable development and balanced regional growth.
(c) Monitoring and Evaluation: The Planning Commission monitored the progress of plan implementation and evaluated the outcomes. It assessed the performance of different sectors, states, and projects in meeting the plan targets and identified areas of success and challenges. Based on the evaluations, the commission provided feedback, recommendations, and corrective measures to improve the effectiveness of plan implementation.
(d) Coordinating Inter-sectoral Planning: The Planning Commission facilitated coordination and cooperation among various ministries, departments, and agencies involved in the planning process. It brought together experts and policymakers from different sectors to ensure integrated planning and implementation. This coordination helped align policies, programs, and investments to achieve the overall development objectives. 100
(e) Policy Advice and Guidance: The Planning Commission provided policy advice and guidance to the government on various economic and development-related issues. It conducted research, studies, and analysis to inform policy decisions and proposed policy reforms to address emerging challenges and promote economic growth, social welfare, and sustainable development.
The Planning Commission played a significant role in shaping India’s economic development strategy for several decades. However, in 2014, it was replaced by the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India), which has a different structure and approach to economic planning and development.
4. What is the need for the establishment of NITI Aayog?
Ans: The establishment of NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was driven by several factors and the need for more dynamic and modern approach to economic planning and development.
Some key reasons for the establishment of NITI Aayog are:
(a) Changing Economic Landscape: India’s economic landscape had undergone significant changes since the Planning Commission was established. The country had witnessed substantial economic liberalization, globalization, and private sector participation. The need arose for an institution that could better align with the evolving economic environment and provide innovative solutions to address emerging challenges.
(b) Focus on Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog was established to promote cooperative federalism by fostering collaboration and partnership between the central government and the states. Unlike the Planning Commission, which had a top-down approach, NITI Aayog emphasizes bottom-up planning and encourages active involvement of the states in policy formulation and implementation. This approach recognizes the diversity and varying development needs of different states and promotes inclusive growth.
(c) Emphasis on Evidence-Based Policy Making: NITI Aayog aims to bring evidence-based policy making to the forefront. It focuses on data-driven analysis, research, and policy evaluation to inform decision- making processes. By relying on robust data and research, NITI Aayog seeks to provide informed policy recommendations that are responsive to the needs of a rapidly changing society and economy.
(d) Flexibility and Agility: The establishment of NITI Aayog aimed to create a more flexible and agile institution that could adapt to the evolving needs and priorities of the country. Unlike the rigid structure of the Planning Commission, NITI Aayog has the ability to form expert groups and task forces as required to address specific issues. This flexibility allows for timely responses to emerging challenges and opportunities.
(c) Innovation and Technology: NITI Aayog places a strong emphasis on innovation, technology, and entrepreneurship. It recognizes the transformative potential of technology in driving economic growth and social development. NITI Aayog promotes policies and initiatives to foster innovation, promote digitalization, and harness the benefits of emerging technologies for inclusive and sustainable development.
5. What are the objectives of NITI Aayog?
Ans: The objectives of NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) are as follows:
(a) Foster Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog aims to promote cooperative federalism by facilitating collaboration and cooperation between the central government and the states. It seeks to create a platform for active engagement and participation of states in the policy-making process, ensuring that their perspectives and needs are taken into consideration.
(b) Formulate National Development Plans: NITI Aayog is responsible for formulating national development plans and strategies. It prepares medium-term and long-term plans, sets development goals, and identifies key priority areas for the country’s growth and transformation. These plans are designed to address various sectors and cross-cutting issues to achieve sustainable and inclusive development.
(c) Promote Balanced Regional Development: NITI Aayog emphasizes balanced regional development by addressing regional imbalances and disparities. It focuses on reducing disparities between states and regions, ensuring equitable access to resources, infrastructure, and opportunities. The aim is to promote inclusive growth and bridge the development gap among different parts of the country.
(d) Foster Innovation and Entrepreneurship: NITI Aayog places a strong emphasis on fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and the use of technology for economic growth and development. It promotes policies and initiatives that encourage research and development, support startups, and harness the potential of emerging technologies to drive innovation-led growth.
(e) Data-Driven Policy Making: NITI Aayog strives to bring data- driven policy making to the forefront. It promotes evidence-based decision making by leveraging technology and data analytics to gather insights, conduct research, and evaluate policy effectiveness. This approach helps in formulating well-informed policies and monitoring their implementation and impact.
(f) Collaborate with International Partners: NITI Aayog works towards enhancing India’s engagement with international partners. It seeks collaboration and knowledge exchange with global institutions, governments, and organizations to leverage best practices, expertise, and resources for achieving sustainable development goals.
(g) Support Transformative Reforms: NITI Aayog supports and facilitates transformative reforms across various sectors. It identifies policy bottlenecks, suggests reforms, and works closely with relevant ministries and departments to implement these reforms. The aim is to create an enabling environment for economic growth, social development, and inclusive governance.
6. What are the salient features of NITI Aayog?
Ans: The salient features of NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) are as follows:
(a) Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog promotes cooperative federalism by providing a platform for active engagement and collaboration between the central government and the states. It encourages meaningful participation of states in the decision-making process, allowing them to play a more active role in shaping policies and programs.
(b) Bottom-Up Approach: Unlike the Planning Commission, NITI Aayog follows a bottom-up approach to planning and development. It recognizes the diversity and varying development needs of different states and regions and encourages decentralized planning. NITI Aayog emphasizes the importance of grassroots-level initiatives and the involvement of local communities in the development process.
(c) Flexibility and Adaptability: NITI Aayog is designed to be flexible and adaptable to changing needs and priorities. It has the ability to form expert groups and task forces as required to address specific issues and challenges. This flexibility allows for quick responses to emerging issues and the ability to provide timely recommendations.
(d) Evidence-Based Policy Making: NITI Aayog emphasizes evidence-based policy making by leveraging data, research, and technology It promotes the use of data analytics, research studies, and evaluation frameworks to inform policy decisions. This approach ensures that policies are based on robust evidence and have a higher likelihood of achieving the desired outcomes.
(e) Innovation and Technology Focus: NITI Aayog places a strong emphasis on innovation, technology, and entrepreneurship. It promotes the use of emerging technologies for economic growth and development and encourages innovation-driven initiatives. NITI Aayog actively supports and nurtures startups and provides a platform for innovation-driven discussions and collaborations.
(f) Monitoring and Evaluation: NITI Aayog has a dedicated focus on monitoring and evaluating the implementation and impact of policies and programs. It sets up monitoring frameworks and evaluation mechanisms to assess the effectiveness of various initiatives. This helps in identifying areas of improvement and making necessary course corrections to achieve desired outcomes.
(g) Global Engagement: NITI Aayog seeks to enhance India’s global engagement and collaboration. It actively engages with international organizations, governments, and institutions to leverage global best practices, expertise, and resources. NITI Aayog promotes international partnerships and knowledge sharing for achieving sustainable development goals.
These salient features of NITI Aayog reflect its commitment to cooperative federalism, evidence-based policy making, flexibility, innovation, and global engagement. By embracing these features, NITI Aayog aims to transform India’s development landscape and foster inclusive and sustainable growth.
7. What is Green Revolution? How did it begin?
Ans: In 1960’s, India was facing a food crisis due to many reasons. India government decided to make India self- sufficient in food. Hence the mid 1960’s, the traditional variety seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are simply called Green Revolution. As a result of Green revolution, area under improved seeds has gone up from about 15 million hectares during 1970-71 to nearly 75 million hectares in 1995-96. The major benefits of the Green revolution were experienced mainly in northern and north-western India. Unprecedented enthusiasm has prevailed among farmers in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Western U.P. for the new wheat variety seeds and a situation developed in which, the demand for seeds by farmers exceeded the supply.
Positive consequences of Green Revolutions are: The major achievement of the Green Revolution was to boost the production of major cereals viz wheat and rice and as a result of the Green Revolution, the crop pattern in India has undergone significant changes.
Two negative consequences of Green Revolutions are: Green Revolution has led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of 10 percent of the rural population. Green Revolution had widened the gap between poor and small farmers and rich landlords and Green Revolution has proved beneficial to the medium category peasants, because they could receive the advantage of mediation between small farmers and rich landlords.
8. Discuss the differences between the Green Revolution and the White Revolution?
Ans: Green Revolution and White Revolution are the two famous revolution regarding the production of wheat and milk.
They can be differ in following points:
(i) Green Revolution is the record production of wheat according to the plan of new agricultural strategy.
While White Revolution is the record production of milk.
(ii) Green, Revolution took place in some states like Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh.
But White Revolution took place in Anand, a town in Gujarat.
(iii) M. S. Swaminathan was the father of Green Revolution.
On the other hand Verghese Kurien was the father of White Revolution.
(iv) Green Revolution enhanced agricultural productivity by use of high yielding variety seeds fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, power etc.
White Revolution enhanced the production of milk production through organising milk co-operative societies.
9. What is the role of Planning Commission in the socio- economic development of the country?
Ans: Planning is the systematic regulation of a purposeful activity. It is an invaluable aid to policy and helps to achieve national goals and is a continuous process. Planning is a rational process and concerns itself with the proposals for the future with the evolution of alternate proposals and the methods with which these proposals may be achieved. The Planning Commission was set up in India in 1950.
The functions of Planning Commission are listed below:
(a) To make an assessment of the material, capital and human resources of the country, including technical personnel and investigate the possibilities of augmenting such resources as are found to be deficient in relation to the nation’s requirements.
(b) To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilization the country’s resources.
(c) Determination of priorities, define the stage in which the plan should be carried out and propose the allocation of resources for the duc completion of each stage.
(d) To indicate the factors which are tending to retard economic development and determine the conditions which in view of the current social and political situation, should be established for the successful execution of the plan.
(e) To determine the nature of the machinery which will be necessary for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan in al its aspects.
(f) To appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan and recommend the adjustments of policy and measures that such appraisal may show to be necessary.
(g) To make such interim or ancillary recommendations as appear to i to be appropriate either for facilitating the discharge of the duties assigned to it; or on a consideration of the prevailing economic conditions, current policies, measures and development programmes; or on an examination of such specific problems as may be referred to it for advice by Central or State Government.
10. When was the planning commission set up in India? Discuss its scope.
Ans: In India the planning commission was set up in the year 1950. 1 covered a wide spread scope in the planning and development process or India.
Its main scope are:
(i) To make an assessment of the material, capital and human resources of the country, including technical personnel and investigate the possibilities of augmenting such resources as are found to be deficient in relation to the nation’s requirement.
(ii) To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of the country’s resources.
(iii) To determine the nature of the machinery which will be necessary for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all aspects.
(iv) Determination of priorities, define the stage in which the plan should be carried out and propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage.
(v) To appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan and recommend the adjustments of policy and measures that such appraisal may show to be necessary.
11. What do you mean by Land Reforms? Discuss the provisions of land reforms?
Ans: It is not possible to tackle the technical problems without institutional reforms. Institutional policies can increase the agricultural productivity. After independence our government had adopted various institutional policies. The main institutional policies or land reforms are as under.
(i) Abolition of Zamindari System: After independence landlords and intermediators had the right on 40% of the land of country. This bold act not only released land from the clutches of a class that had little interest in agriculture, it also reduced the capacity of the landlords to dominate politics. Attempts at consolidation of land-bringing small pieces of land together in one place so that the farm size could became viable for agriculture.
(ii) Ceiling of land holding: This system determine the maximum limit or ceiling on cultivable land for a person or a family. Surplus land is distributed among the landless. Government implemented the laws with the objective to determine ceiling on land in different states in India.
(iii) Tenancy Reforms: In this process the tenants who worked on someone else’s land were given greater legal security against eviction. Widows, minor, military men or disabled could get their land cultivated by the tenants.
(iv) Bhoodan Movement: This movement was launched by Vinoba Bhave in 1951. It is one of the great events in the land reforms of independent India. An appeal is made to the people for land donation by Bhoodan Movement. In this way the acquired land is distributed among the landless farmers.
12. Explain the food crisis which appeared in Bihar during 1965 and 1967.
Ans: In 1960’s the agricultural situation went from bad to worse in all over the world. The rate of growth of food grain production in the 1940’s and 1950’s was barely staying above rate of population growth. Between 1965 and 1967, severe droughts occurred in many parts of the country. It was in Bihar that the food crisis was most acutely felt as the state faced a near famine situation. The food shortage was significant in all districts of Bihar, with a districts producing less than half of their normal output. Five of these districts, in fact, produced less than one-third of what they produced normally.
Food deprivation subsequently led to acute and widespread malnutrition. It estimated that the calorie in take dropped from 2200 per capital per day to as low as 1200 in many regions of the state. Death rate was 34% times higher in 1967. Food prices also were quite high. Prices of wheat and rice were two times or more than that of normal prices in prosperous Punjab and other North Indian states. The government had “zoning” policies that prohibited trade of food across states; which reduce the availability of food in Bihar dramatically. In such situation, the poorest sections of the society suffered the most.
13. Discuss the economic and political result of Green Revolution?
Ans: The Green Revolution refers to a series of agricultural advancements and practices implemented in the mid-20th century that aimed to increase agricultural productivity, particularly in developing countries.
The Green Revolution had significant economic and political consequences, which can be summarized as follows:
(i) Economic Results:
(a) Increased Agricultural Productivity: The Green Revolution led to a substantial increase in agricultural productivity through the introduction of high-yielding varieties of crops, improved irrigation techniques, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides. This resulted in higher crop yields, improved food production, and increased agricultural income for farmers.
(b) Food Security: The increased agricultural productivity brought about by the Green Revolution helped address food scarcity and improves food security in many regions. The availability of surplus food allowed countries to meet the growing demands of their populations and reduce dependence on food imports.
(c) Rural Industrialization: The increased agricultural output created opportunities for rural industrialization. The surplus agricultural produce served as raw materials for agro-processing industries, leading to the development of rural economies and the generation of employment opportunities.
(d) Export Potential: The Green Revolution enabled countries to
become self-sufficient in food production and even have surplus crops For export. Some countries, like India, became major exporters of agricultural commodities, contributing to their economic growth and foreign exchange earnings.
(i) Political Results:
(a) Social and Political Stability: The Green Revolution played a crucial role in enhancing social and political stability. By increasing agricultural productivity and addressing food scarcity, it helped prevent food riots, social unrest, and political instability that often result from inadequate food supply.
(b) Strengthening of Centralized Power: In some cases, the Green Revolution led to the consolidation of power at the central government level. Governments played a significant role in implementing and promoting he Green Revolution, providing subsidies, infrastructure, and other support o farmers. This strengthened the authority and control of central governments over agricultural policies and practices.
(c) Socio-Political Transformations: The Green Revolution brought bout socio-political transformations, particularly in rural areas. It led to changes in land ownership patterns, the emergence of new social classes, and the intensification of inequality. These changes sometimes resulted in conflicts and tensions between different social groups, particularly between large landowners and small-scale farmers.
It is important to note that while the Green Revolution had significant economic benefits, it also had some negative consequences. These include environmental degradation due to excessive use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, displacement of traditional farming practices and local crops, and increased dependence on external inputs.
14. Write a note on the land Reforms during the planning period?
Ans: Land reforms during the planning period in India were a crucial component of the overall development agenda. These reforms aimed to address historical inequities in land ownership, promote agricultural productivity, and improve the socio-economic conditions of rural communities.
Here are some key points about land reforms during the planning period:
(a) Objectives of Land Reforms: The primary objectives of land reforms were to reduce landlessness, promote land redistribution, provide security of tenure to farmers, enhance agricultural productivity, and ensure social justice in rural areas. These reforms sought to create a more equitable distribution of land resources and uplift the socio-economic status of marginalized sections of society.
(b) Abolition of Zamindari System: One of the major land reforms undertaken was the abolition of the zamindari system, which was prevalent in many parts of the country. This system involved intermediaries, known as zamindars, who held large tracts of land and collected rents from the actual cultivators. The abolition of the zamindari system aimed to transfer land rights directly to the tillers, providing them with greater control over agricultural resources.
(c) Land Ceiling Laws: Land ceiling laws were enacted to limit the concentration of land in the hands of a few individuals or families. These laws set a maximum limit on land ownership, beyond which excess land was to be distributed among landless and marginal farmers. The implementation of land ceiling laws varied across states, but the overall objective was to promote land redistribution and address land inequalities.
(d) Tenancy Reforms: Tenancy reforms aimed to protect the rights of tenants and sharecroppers. These reforms sought to provide security of tenure, fair rents, and safeguards against exploitation by landlords. The implementation of tenancy reforms varied across states, but the intention was to ensure a more equitable relationship between landlords and tenants, and to promote agricultural productivity.
(e) Cooperative Farming: Another important aspect of land reforms was the promotion of cooperative farming. Cooperative societies were established to enable small and marginal farmers to collectively undertake farming activities, access credit, and benefit from economies of scale. Cooperative farming aimed to empower farmers, enhance productivity, and improve their socio-economic conditions.
Consolidation of Landholdings: Land consolidation programs were undertaken to consolidate fragmented landholdings and make farming operations more efficient.
15. What is the relevance of planning in the era of market economy?
Ans: The relevance of planning in the era of a market economy is a topic of ongoing debate. While market economies rely primarily on market forces and private enterprise to drive economic growth and allocate resources, planning can still play a significant role in achieving certain objectives.
Here are some points highlighting the relevance of planning in the era of a market economy:
(a) Economic Stabilization: Planning can help address economic fluctuations and promote stability in the market economy. It allows governments to implement counter-cyclical measures during economic downturns, such as fiscal stimulus or monetary policies, to stabilize the economy and mitigate the impact of recessions. Planning helps in maintaining macroeconomic stability and reducing volatility in the market.
(b) Long-Term Development Goals: Planning helps set and achieve long-term development goals that may not be solely driven by market forces. It allows governments to identify strategic sectors, prioritize infrastructure development, and invest in human capital. Planning can help address market failures by ensuring the provision of public goods, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, which are essential for sustainable development.
(c) Inclusive Growth and Social Welfare: Planning can play a crucial role in promoting inclusive growth and addressing social inequalities. It enables governments to design and implement targeted policies to uplift marginalized sections of society, provide social safety nets, and promote equitable distribution of resources. Planning can help ensure that the benefits of economic growth reach all segments of society and reduce disparities.
(d) Environmental Sustainability: Planning can address environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. It allows governments to incorporate environmental considerations into development strategies, set targets for reducing carbon emissions, promote renewable energy sources, and protect natural resources. Planning can help balance economic growth with environmental sustainability and mitigate the negative impacts of market activities on the environment.
(e) Coordination and Infrastructure Development: Planning facilitates coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector entities, and civil society organizations. It helps in coordinating infrastructure development, urban planning, and regional development. Planning can guide the efficient allocation of resources, identify infrastructure gaps, and promote balanced regional development.
While market economies rely on the efficiency and dynamism of market forces, planning can complement market mechanisms by addressing market failures, ensuring long-term development goals, and promoting inclusive and sustainable growth. The key lies in striking a balance between market-driven processes and strategic planning to achieve desired socio-economic outcomes. The specific approach to planning may vary depending on the specific context and policy priorities of a country.
16. Discuss the role of Planning Commission in India. Write the name of the organization which has replaced the Planning Commission.
Ans: The Janata Party was an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to the Emergency that was imposed between 1975 and 1977 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of the Indian National Congress. In the year 1977 general election, the party defeated the Congress and Janata leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister in independent modern India’s history.
Raj Narain, a socialist leader, had filed a legal writ alleging electoral malpractice against Indira Gandhi in 1971. On 12 June 1975, Allahabad High Court found her guilty of using corrupt electoral practices in her 1971 election victory over Narain in the Rae bareli constituency. She was barred from contesting any election for the next six years. Economic problems, corruption and the conviction of Gandhi led to widespread prótests against the Congress (R) government, which responded by imposing a State of Emergency. The rationale was that of preserving national security. However, the government introduced press censorship, postponed elections and banned strikes and rallies. Opposition leaders such as Biju Patnaik, Jayaprakash Narayan, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, L. K.Advani, Raj Narain, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Jivatram Kripalani, Ramnandan Mishra and Morarji Desai were imprisoned, along with thousands of other political activists.
When the State of Emergency was lifted and new elections called in 1977, opposition political parties such as the Congress (O), Bharatiya Jana Sanglı, Bharatiya Lok Dal as well as defectors from the Congress (R) joined to form the Janata party, which won a sweeping majority in the Indian Parliament. Narain defeated Gandhi at Rae bareli in those elections.
The new Janata-led government reversed many emergency-era decrees and opened official investigations into emergency-era abuses. Although several major foreign policy and economic reforms were attempted, continuous in-fighting and ideological differences made the Janata government unable to effectively address national problems. By mid 1979, Prime Minister Morarji Desai was forced to resign and his successor Chaudhary Charan Singh failed to sustain a parliamentary majority as alliance partners withdrew support.
Popular disenchantment with the political in-fighting and ineffective government led to the resurgence of Gandhi and her new Congress (1) party, which won the general election called in 1980. Although the original Janata Party fragmented and dissolved, modern political parties continue to invoke its legacy. In August 2013, the party was merged with the Bharatiya Janata Party.
17. Discuss the main controversies around planned development in early years of India’s independence.
Ams: With the attainment of independence, India chose to follow the path of planning social and economic development, for which the Planning Commission was set up on 15 March, 1950 under the chairmanship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Since then, Prime Minister of India has been the ex-officio Chairman of the Planning Commission. Having gone through the background of the Indian economy, the main aims and objectives of the various Five-Year Plans of development.
(a) First Plan (1951-56): The First Five-Year Plan, in fact, paved the way for the planned economic development of the country. It had two main objectives. First, to bring the Indian economy out of the state of stagnation caused by the Second World War and partition of the country. Secondly to initiate the process of all-round balanced development of Indian economy, so as to ensure a steady improvement in the living standards of the people over a period of time.
The First Plan accorded the highest priority to agriculture, with special emphasis on rural reconstruction programmes and land reforms, including initiation of various irrigation and power projects. About 44.6 per cent of the total outlay of Rs. 2,069/- crore was allotted for its development. The Plan projected, rather optimistically, that savings and investment as a proportion of national income would rise from an estimated 5 to 6 per cent in the early 1950s to 20 per cent by 1968-69 and stabilise at that level thereafter. Aggregate income was expected to double in approximately twenty years and per capita income in twenty-seven years.
(b) Second Plan (1956-61): In 1954, Parliament declared that the economic policy should have to achieve socialistic pattern of society with greater equality in income and wealth in sight. The main aim of the Second Plan was, therefore, to promote a pattern of development, which could lead to the establishment of a socialistic pattern of society in India.
The Second Plan was aimed at an increase of 25 per cent in the national income:
(i) Rapid industrialisation with particular emphasis on the development of basic and heavy industries;
(ii) Large expansion of employment opportunities and
(iii) Reduction of inequalities in income and wealth and a more even distribution of economic power.
In the Second Plan, there was a special emphasis on industrialisation and it also aimed at increasing the national income by 11 per cent per annum by 1960-61. The development strategy of economic growth through modern industrialisation was continued into the Third Plan.
18. Write about the changing nature of India’s Economic development.
Ans: India’s economic development has witnessed significant changes over the years, reflecting the country’s transition from a predominantly agrarian economy to a more diversified and globally integrated economy.
Here are some key aspects highlighting the changing nature of India’s economic development:
(a) Shift from Agriculture to Services: Historically, agriculture played a dominant role in India’s economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing to a substantial share of the GDP.
However, over the years, there has been a notable shift in economic activities, with the services sector emerging as a major driver of growth. Services, including IT and IT-enabled services, telecommunications, finance, tourism, and healthcare, have witnessed remarkable expansion, contributing significantly to India’s GDP and employment generation.
(b) Emphasis on Industrialization and Manufacturing: India has also placed increasing emphasis on industrialization and manufacturing as a means to drive economic growth and create employment opportunities. The government has implemented various policies and initiatives to promote manufacturing, such as the “Make in India” campaign, aiming to boost domestic production, attract foreign investment, and enhance competitiveness in the global market. The manufacturing sector’s growth has been essential in diversifying the economy and reducing dependence on agriculture.
(c) Integration into the Global Economy: India has progressively embraced globalization and has become more integrated into the global economy. The liberalization measures initiated in the early 1990s opened up the economy, dismantled trade barriers, and encouraged foreign investment. This integration has facilitated the flow of goods, services, capital, and technology, leading to increased foreign direct investment, export-oriented industries, and participation in global value chains.
(d) Technological Advancements and Digital Transformation: India has witnessed significant technological advancements, particularly in the IT sector. The country has emerged as a global hub for IT services, software development, and innovation. The digital revolution, including the rapid expansion of internet connectivity and the proliferation of smartphones, has transformed various sectors, such as e-commerce, fintech, and digital payments, fostering entrepreneurship and creating new business opportunities.
(e) Inclusive Growth and Social Development: The focus on economic development in India has also been accompanied by efforts to ensure inclusive growth and address social development challenges. Poverty alleviation programs, social welfare schemes, and targeted initiatives have been implemented to uplift marginalized sections of society, provide access to basic services, and reduce income inequalities. The aim is to ensure that the benefits of economic growth reach all segments of society and contribute to human development.
(f) Sustainable Development and Climate Action: In recent years, there has been an increased recognition of the importance of sustainable development and environmental conservation. India has taken steps to address climate change, promote renewable energy, and adopt cleaner technologies. Initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance and the push for electric mobility demonstrate India’s commitment to sustainable development and reducing carbon emissions.
19. What are the objectives of Planning Commission?
Ans: The Planning Commission, which was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015, had the following objectives:
(a) Formulation of Five-Year Plans: The primary objective of the Planning Commission was to formulate and implement Five-Year Plans for economic and social development. These plans aimed to set targets, allocate resources, and guide the country’s development priorities over a specified period. The plans covered various sectors such as agriculture, industry, infrastructure, education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation.
(b) Mobilization and Allocation of Resources: The Planning Commission played a crucial role in mobilizing financial and other resources for development projects. It assessed the available resources, both from domestic and external sources, and allocated them to different sectors and states based on their development needs and priorities. The objective was to ensure optimal utilization of resources and achieve balanced regional development.
(c) Policy Formulation and Coordination: The Planning Commission was responsible for formulating policies and strategies to achieve the objectives of planned development. It conducted research, collected data, and analyzed economic trends to provide inputs for policy formulation. Additionally, it coordinated with various ministries, departments, and state governments to ensure the effective implementation of policies and plans.
(d) Monitoring and Evaluation: Another objective of the Planning Commission was to monitor and evaluate the progress of development programs and projects. It assessed the performance of different sectors, analyzed the impact of policies and programs, and made necessary adjustments to ensure the effective utilization of resources and the achievement of targets. Monitoring and evaluation helped in identifying bottlenecks, assessing the efficiency of implementation, and suggesting corrective measures.
(e) Socio-Economic Development: The Planning Commission aimed to promote socio-economic development in the country by addressing issues such as poverty alleviation, education, healthcare, infrastructure development, employment generation, and social welfare. It focused on improving the living standards of the population, reducing regional disparities, and achieving inclusive growth.
20. What do you mean by National Development Council?
Ans: The National Development Council (NDC) is a constitutional body in India that was established to facilitate and promote cooperative federalism in the country’s economic and social development. It serves as a platform for interaction and consultation between the central government and state governments on matters related to planning and development. Here are some key features and functions of the National
(a) Development Council:
(i) Composition: The NDC is composed of the Prime Minister, Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all states, and administrators of Union Territories. It is chaired by the Prime Minister.
(ii) Consultative Forum: The NDC acts as a consultative forum where the central government and state governments come together to discuss and deliberate on important policy issues, development plans, and strategies. It provides an opportunity for dialogue, exchange of ideas, and coordination between the central and state governments.
(iii) Development Planning: The NDC plays a crucial role in the formulation and approval of Five-Year Plans. It considers and approves the draft Five-Year Plans prepared by the Planning Commission (now replaced by NITI Aayog) before their final implementation. The NDC provides inputs, suggestions, and recommendations to ensure that the plans align with the priorities and aspirations of the central and state governments.
(iv) Policy Coordination: The NDC facilitates coordination and harmonization of policies and programs across different levels of government. It helps in resolving policy conflicts, streamlining administrative processes, and ensuring the effective implementation of development initiatives.
(v) Resource Allocation: The NDC discusses and determines the allocation of resources, both financial and non-financial, among the central and state governments for development projects and programs. It considers the resource requirements of various sectors and regions, taking into account the development needs and priorities.
(vi) Review and Monitoring: The NDC periodically reviews the progress of development programs and initiatives. It assesses the performance of different sectors, evaluates the impact of policies, and suggests corrective measures to address challenges and improve implementation.
21. What are the objectives of NDC?
Ans: The National Development Council (NDC) in India has the following objectives:
(a) Planning and Policy Formulation: The NDC aims to provide a platform for discussions and consultations between the central government and state governments on matters related to planning and policy formulation. It facilitates the exchange of ideas, experiences, and perspectives to ensure coordinated and balanced development across the country.
(b) Cooperative Federalism: The NDC promotes the principle of cooperative federalism by bringing together the central government and state governments on a common platform. It aims to foster collaboration, cooperation, and mutual understanding among all stakeholders to achieve national development goals.
(c) Development Planning and Resource Allocation: The NDC plays a crucial role in the approval and implementation of Five-Year Plans and other development programs. It considers the draft plans prepared by the planning commission (now replaced by NITI Aayog) and provides inputs, suggestions, and recommendations for their improvement. The NDC also determines the allocation of resources, both financial and non- financial, among different sectors and regions.
(d) Review and Monitoring: The NDC periodically reviews the progress of development programs and initiatives. It assesses the implementation, identifies bottlenecks and challenges, and suggests remedial measures. The NDC ensures effective monitoring and evaluation of development projects and programs to ensure their successful implementation.
(e) Coordination and Consensus-Building: The NDC facilitates coordination and consensus-building among different levels of government It promotes dialogue and cooperation, resolves policy conflicts, and fosters a cooperative and collaborative approach towards development planning and implementation.
(f) Inclusive and Sustainable Development: The NDC emphasizes the importance of inclusive and sustainable development. It aims to address regional disparities, promote equitable growth, and ensure social and economic justice. The NDC focuses on the welfare of marginalized sections of society and strives to achieve balanced development across sectors and regions.
22. What are the functions of NDC?
Ans: The National Development Council (NDC) in India performs the following functions:
(a) Approval of PlAns: The NDC reviews and approves the Five- Year Plans and other development plans prepared by the planning commission (now replaced by NITI Aayog). It ensures that the plans align with the development priorities and aspirations of the central government and state governments.
(b) Resource Allocation: The NDC determines the allocation of financial and non-financial resources among different sectors and regions. It considers the resource requirements of various developmental programs and projects and makes recommendations for their allocation.
(c) Policy Coordination: The NDC facilitates coordination and harmonization of policies and programs across different levels of government. It brings together the central government and state governments to discuss and resolve policy conflicts, streamline administrative processes, and ensure effective implementation.
(d) Monitoring and Review: The NDC periodically reviews the progress of development programs and initiatives. It assesses the performance of different sectors, evaluates the impact of policies, and suggests corrective measures to address challenges and improve implementation. The NDC ensures effective monitoring and evaluation of development projects and programs.
(e) Consultative Platform: The NDC serves as a platform for consultation and dialogue between the central government and state governments. It provides an opportunity for all stakeholders to express their views, exchange ideas, and deliberate on important development issues.
(f) Cooperative Federalism: The NDC promotes the principle of cooperative federalism by fostering collaboration, cooperation, and mutual understanding among the central government and state governments. It aims to create a cooperative framework for decision-making and implementation of development policies.
(g) Addressing Regional Disparities: The NDC focuses on addressing regional disparities and ensuring balanced development across different states and regions. It considers the specific needs and challenges of different regions and works towards reducing disparities through targeted interventions and resource allocation.
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