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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 India’s External Relations
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Unit 4 India’s External Relations
A. Very Short Types Question & Answers.
1. Who was the founder of Indian National Army?
Ans: Subhas Chandra Bose was the founder of Indian National Army.
2. Which article of the constitution of India lays down about the foreign policy?
Ans: The constitution of India lays down about the foreign policy through the Article 51.
3. Explain the two most important basic principle of India’s Foreign Policy.
Ans: Non-alignment and friendly relation with all the country
4. Who is the pioneer of India’s Foreign Policy?
Ans: The pioneer of India’s Foreign Policy is Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
5. Name the two super power countries which led two blocks at global level.
Ans: U.S.S.R and U.S.A are the two super power countries which led two blocks at global level.
6. In which year did China annex Tibet?
Ans: In 1950 China annexed Tibet.
7. What does NEFA imply?
Ans: N.E.F.A implies North East Frontier Agency.
8. When did China invade India?
Ans: In 1962 China invaded India.
9. Who was the first Prime Minister after Nehru to visit China?
Ans: The First Prime Minister after Nehru to visit China was Rajiv Gandhi.
10. In which year was Bangladesh war started?
Ans: Bangladesh war was started in the year 1971.
11. When was the Shimla Agreement held?
Ans: Shimla Agreement was held in the year 1975.
12. In which year Mc. Mohan Line was determined as boundary in between India and China?
Ans: In the year 1914 Mc Mohan Line was determined as boundary line between India and China.
13. Who proposed partition of Kashmir?
Ans: Md. Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League proposed for the partition of Kashmir.
14. Where did the first non-alignment summit was held?
Ans: On September 1961, in Belgrade the first non-alignment summit was held.
15. What do you mean by foreign policy?
Ans: Foreign Policy means the policy which an independent country adopts towards other independent countries.
16. Write one basic principle of India’s Foreign Policy.
Ans: One basic principle of India’s Foreign Policy is non alignment.
17. Name the agreement which was signed by Lal Bahadur Shastri and General Ayub Khan in 1966.
Ans: In 1966 Tashkent Agreement was signed by Lal Bahadur Shastri and General Ayub Khan.
18. What are the ingredients of foreign policy?
Ans: National Security and National interest.
19. In which year China invaded India?
Ans: China invaded India in 1962.
20. Which is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan?
Ans: Kashmir issue is the major issue of conflict between India and Pakistan.
21. In which year Shimla agreement took place?
Ans: Shimla agreement took place in 1972.
22. Who signed Shimla agreement?
Ans: Shimla agreement was signed by India and Pakistan.
23. Write the full form of DND.
Ans: Draft on nuclear doctrines.
24. Give the full form of N.P.T. and C.Т.В.Т.
Ans: N.P.T: Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty.
C.T.B.T: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
25. What was the significance of Bandung Conference?
Ans: The significance of Bandung Conference was that it resolved to promote goodwill and Co-operation within the nations of Asia, and Africa.
B. Short Type Questions & Answers:
1. What do you mean by Panchsheel?
Ans: Panchsheel means five principles of conducting relations among nations. India and China formulated ‘Panchsheel’ to maintain friendly relations.
2. Mention two points of tension in India’s relations with Pakistan.
Ans: (i) Kashmir is the core issue of tension existing between India and Pakistan.
(ii) Terrorism is another cause of tension in India’s relation with Pakistan.
3. Mention any two major objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy.
Ans: (i) To preserve hard earned sovereignty.
(ii) To protect territorial integrity.
(iii) To promote economic development.
4. Illustrate two major points of dispute with China.
Ans: Two major points of dispute with China are:
(i) In September 1962, China crossed NEFA and launched a large scale attack against India.
(ii) India made a strong note of protest to China by establishing military control in Tibet to which Chinese authorities reacted sharply.
5. In which year and who declared five principles of Panchsheel?
Ans: On 29th April 1954, five principles of Panchsheel was declared by India’s Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and China’s premier Zhou Enlai to make strong the relationship between the two countries.
6. What do you mean by Panchsheel?
Ans: Panchsheel means five principles of conducting relations among nations. India and China formulated five principles of conducting mutual relations.
7. When was the first nuclear explosion undertaken by India?
Ans: In 1974, the first nuclear explosion was undertaken by India.
8. Mention two conditions of Shimla Agreement.
Ans: The conditions of Shimla agreement signed between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 3rd July 1972 is given below:
(i) To maintain understanding, good neighbourhood relations stable and long lasting peace.
(ii) No country would interfere with the other country’s internal matters on the basis of mutual respect for peace, security etc.
9. How far India’s Foreign Policy has been able to protect its National interest?
Ans: To a large extent the Indian foreign policy protects its national interests like:
(i) Our support to Indo-Pakistan’s positive relation have witness many new development. While Kashmir continues to be the main issue between the two countries, there have been many efforts to restore normal relations. Cultural exchanges, movement of citizens and economic co-operation would be encouraged by both countries.
(ii) Our support to NIEO would ensure free flow of resources from the developed countries.
10. Write any two examples of International issues where India took an independent stand.
Ans: The two examples of international issues where India took an independent stand are:
(i) India did not support the idea of block politics. Instead of that India announced her independent foreign policy on the basis of Non-Aligned Movement.
(ii) In the bringing of gap between Global North and Global South countries India took an independent stand. India advocated the idea of New International Economic order.
11. What was the significance of Bandung Conference?
Ans: The Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955, commonly known as the Bandung conference had following significance:
(i) The Bandung conference led to the establishment of Non- Alignment (NAM) as Jawaharlal Nehru as its co-founder.
(ii) It marked the Zenith of India’s engagement with the nearly independent Asian and African Nations.
12. Mention any two major objective of Nehru’s Foreign Policy?
Ans: The two major objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy:
(i) To protect hard earned sovereignty of India.
(ii) To establish peace.
13. Write two principles on the basis of which India has established her relations with her neighbours?
Ans: The principles on the basis of which India had established her relations with her neighbours:
(i) Non-interference in the internal affairs of other independent states.
(ii) Peaceful co-existence.
14. Mention two points of tension in India’s relations with Pakistan?
Ans: Kashmir is the main point of tension between relation of India and Pakistan. On the other hand terrorism is another important point of tension between the two countries.
15. Write two most important basic principles of India’s foreign policy?
Ans: Two basic principles of India’s foreign policy are:
(i) Non-alignment.
(ii) Respect and belief in the United Nations Organization.
16. Write the importance of ‘Peaceful Co-existence’ in the context of India’s foreign policy?
Ans: Peaceful co-existence is one basic characteristic of India’s foreign policy. Peaceful Co-existence means live and let live. It gives importance on maintaining peace and avoiding war. It is one of the principle of Sino Indian relations.
17. Mention two conditions of Shimla agreement?
Ans: (i) Pull lack of troops by India and Pakistan away from the international border.
(ii) Renunciation of the use of force in the settlement of disputes.
18. State any Directive principles of State policy relating to foreign affairs?
Ans: Settlement of international disputes by arbitration, maintain jus and honourable relations with nations.
19. What was the Kargil War?
Ans: It happened in May 1999, and the war broke out when the Pakistan militants and the Islamic militants crossed the line of control that is LOC which divides Pakistan Kashmir from Kashmir in India.
20. What does DND say about retaliation?
Ans: It says that India would never do the First strike with the help o nuclear agents. If they ever use nuclear weapons in the fight, they would always respond to the attack or retaliation.
21. What is the International Atomic Energy Agency?
Ans: It was set up as the world’s “Atoms for Peace” organization in 1957 within the United Nations family, Headquartered in Vienna, Austria It seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.
22. How did Sino-India relations affect the opposition?
Ans: In 1962 China invaded two disputed region i.e. Ladakh and Arunachal. In Ladakh, the Indian army succeeded in retaliation but the Chinese army entered the Assam plains and captured some areas of Arunachal. This was a huge setback for the Indian government and particularly the congress party. The first time no-confidence motion was introduced in the Lok sabha. The rift also originated in the opposition due to differences between USSR and China the ‘Communist Party of India divided into CPI and CPI (Marxist).
23. What was the Kargil war?
Ans: The Kargil War was a major conflict between India and Pakistan happened between May and July, 1999. Armed men backed by Pakistan had entered Indian territory and occupied strategic positions. Pakistan backed terrorists’ occupied strategic positions in Kargil and attacked Indian defence forces. In response to this, India launched Operation Vijay India faced setbacks initially. However, the use of Bofors guns and planned operation turned the tide in India’s favour. Pakistan retreated on June 14 due to India’s attack. The war ended on 26th July. This day is celebrated as Kargil Vijay Diwas.
24. Write any two aspect of India’s Nuclear Policy?
Ans: India’s nuclear policy is guided by national interest and security For protecting our country India has adopted nuclear policy. India is favouring for peaceful and productive use of nuclear energy like production of electricity etc.
25. Write the main principles of Panchsheel.
Ans: The Panchsheel was formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru. It is the main basis of India’s foreign policy. This principle is taken from th philosophy of Buddhism.
The Panchsheel comprises five principles:
(i) Peaceful co-existence.
(ii) Non- aggression.
(iii) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity.
(iv) Non- interference in each other’s territorial affairs.
(v) Equality and mutual benefit.
26. How did India support China in her post Independence Era?
Ans: India’s strained relationship with China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950. Initially India did not oppose China. But later on India expressed its dissatisfaction. China claimed two areas within the Indian territory. Despite a long correspondence and discussion among top leaders the difference could not be resolved. China does not support India to secure a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council.
27. How does political leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy? Explain with the help of examples on India’s foreign policy.
Ans: The Political leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy very much. The individual traits and vision of its political leadership certainly plays a crucial role in shaping and farming the foreign policy of a country. For example, the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru played a crucial role in framing the foreign policy of India. Nehru dreamt of a peaceful, progressive and free India. He opposed colonialism and imperialism. He favoured peaceful and friendly relations among nations. Similarly the ideology of Dr. Radhakrishna, Krishna Menon, Lal Bahadur Shastri left its impact on the course of foreign policy of India.
28. Why India adopted policy of non-alignment.
Ans: India decided to follow the policy of Non-alignment as the basis of India’s foreign policy. After independence from British colonialism India wanted to maintain freedom in terms of decision making to conduct external relations with various nations. At the time of India’s independence the cold war started between the two super- power. India chose to remain independent from super-power rivalry and decided to frame foreign policy which can protect its national interest. Therefore India adopted Non- alignment as the basis of foreign policy. India wanted peace and friendly relations among all nations of the world.
29. The Indian Prime Minister is to visit China and you have been asked to prepare a note for him. Write one point each on the Indian and Chinese positions on the border and economic co-operation.
Ans: Following points can be mentioned regarding the Indian and Chinese positions on the border and economic co-operation:
(i) India and China would sign bilateral agreements to enhance trade and cooperation between them.
(ii) India and China may view the emerging situation reconciliation between the two countries is in mutual interest.
30. What is the basic aim of India’s policy towards External Relations?
Ans: The basic aim of India’s Policy towards External Relations are as follows:
(i) To respect the Sovereignty of all other nations.
(ii) To achieve security through the maintenance of peace on the basis of Directive Principles of state policy included in India’s constitution.
(ii) Nehru wanted to keep away from the two power blocks – USA and USSR to follow a free and independent foreign policy on the basis of NAM.
(iv) To oppose imperialism and racialism in all its forms and work in the collaboration between all Asian and African countries called Third World States.
31. Write any four determinants of India’s foreign policy.
Ans: Four determinants of India’s foreign policy are:
(i) To protect national interest.
(ii) Foster to economic development.
(iii) To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racism.
(iv) To promote the global peace.
32. Describe the difference between Neutrality and Non- Alignment.
Ans: Neutrality and Non-Alignment is not same. Both are differ from ach other regarding the meaning. Neutrality is a condition of not taking sides between two warring parties. European countries pursued such a policy in the 18th century when Britain and France were involved in a conflict for supremacy. States following this policy do not concerned with the casualisation of a war. On the other hand, non-alignment primarily means an independent policy in world affairs aiming to promote world peace. Non-aligned states including India did not pursue neutrality, instead of that they were involved in actual wars for a variety of reasons. They tried to prevent war between other nations of the world and initiated efforts to end wars.
33. Discuss India’s role in Afro-Asian Unity during the Nehru’s Era.
Ans: Given the size, location and power potential India possessed, Nehru dreamt of a major role for India in world affairs, specially in Asia. Under his leadership, India made contacts with other newly independent states of Asia and Africa. During 1940’s and 1950’s Nehru was an ardent supporter of Asian unity. It was under his leadership that India hosted the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947, five months before the attainment of independence. India even made efforts to liberation movement of Indonesia from the clutches of Dutch colonial wastes by convincing an international conference in 1949.
India was an ardent supporter of decolonisation and firmly anti-apartheid or racial movement in South Africa. The Afro-Asian Conference held in Bombay in 1955 was a watershed in India’s engagement with the newly liberated states of Asia and Africa. It even led to the establishment of NAM. Nehru pioneered the foundation of NAM. The first NAM Summit was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.
34. Write a short note on Shimla Agreement.
Ans: The Shimla Agreement was signed to end the conflicts between India and Pakistan, to mark a new beginning in the relationship between India and Pakistan. To improve their relationship Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto meet at Shimla summit and reached an agreement on July 2, 1972.
The terms of this agreements are like:.
(i) Pull back of troops by Indian and Pakistan away from the international border. This doesn’t cover the Kashmir cease fire line.
(ii) Renunciation of the use of force in the settlement of disputes.
(ii) All disputes between the two countries to be settled bilaterally and peacefully.
(iv) The cease fire line in Jammu and Kashmir would be supervised jointly by India and Pakistan.
35. Write a short note on Kashmir Problem.
Ans: The Mutual relationship between India and Pakistan have had not at all been satisfactory since the partition. It is because of the Kashmir problem. According to President Ayub Khan Kashmir issue is a life and death problem of Pakistan. Since 1948 many attempts have been made to settle this problem in vain. No solution of it has been found in the five conferences of the representatives of India and Pakistan held in the beginning of 1963. The issue was then referred to UN. Pakistan soon emerged as a critical factor in India’s relation with US. This has become hanging before the UN. This conflict did not prevent co-operation between the government of India and Pakistan. A long term dispute about the sharing of river water was revolved through mediation by World Bank. Despite all its ups and downs in the Indo-Pak relations, the treaty has worked well.
36. Write a short note on India’s role in UN.
Ans: India played a vital role in UN from its birth. India’s role in UN can mentioned like following ways:
(i) India made a note worthy contribution to the resolution adopted by the 20th session of the UN General Assembly on Rhodesia and Tibet.
(ii) India co-sponsored a resolution condemning South Africa’s policy of apartheid and social and another on the constitutional change contemplated in Fiji with UN.
(iii) India played an active part in as a member of the UN committer on peace keeping operations and the special political committee of the UNEF.
37. How did the plateau of Tibet become an issue of tension between India & China.
Ans: The plateau of the Central Asian region called Tibet is one of the major issues that historically caused tension between India and China From time to time in history China had claimed administrative control over Tibet. And from time to time, Tibet was independent too. In 1950 China took control over Tibet. Large, section of the Tibetan population opposed this take over. India tried to persuade China to recognise Tibet’s claims for independence. Chinese refused to accept Tibetan autonomy On May 23, 1951 Dalai Lama was forced to signed an agreement which accepted Chinese Sovereignty over Tibet with limited, Tibetan autonomy in certain matters. India was criticised for sacrificing legitimate interests in Tibet. But Nehru, India’s premier realised that India did not have the capacity to stop China and therefore, avoid trouble over it.
38. What was the significance of Bandung Conference?
Ans: The Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955, commonly known as the Bandung conference, marked the Zenith of India’s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African nations.
The major significance of this conference were:
This conference later led to the establishment of moral fibre of Non-Alignment Movement.
(il) This conference gave an opportunity for common understanding of international problems.
(iii) The conference was symbolic of the nascent solidarity of Asia and Africa and demonstrated the growing maturity of Afro-Asian nations.
(iv) The Bandung conference therefore represented the desire of Afro Asian countries to play an independent and constructive role in world affairs.
39. What is India’s stand on international treaties like Non- Proliferation.
Ans: India has opposed the international treaties aimed at non proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of the five nuclear weapons power. India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and thus India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and to sign the comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes. The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions was imposed against India which was subsequently waived. India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deference professes “no first use” and reiterates India’s commitment to global, verifiable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world.
40. List out the major goals of India’s Foreign Policy.
Ans: The major goals of Indian’s foreign policy are:
(i) To protect the territorial integrity of the country and protect the interests of its citizens both within and outside the country.
(ii) To maintain link with other members of international community and adoption of policy of conflict or co-operation towards them with a view to promoting its own interests.
(iii) To promote the national interests of the country.
(iv) It aims at enhancement of the influence of the state either by expanding its area of influence or by reducing other states to the position of dependency.
41. Write the Tashkent agreement between India & Pakistan.
Ans: Tashkent agreement was-signed on January 10, 1966 between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and the president of Pakistan Ayub Khan.
The main principles of this agreement are as follows:
(i) To improve the mutual relation between both the countries India and Pakistan, to restore peaceful relations between the two countries.
(ii) To create good neighbourly relations between them.
(iii) To reaffirm their obligations under the UN charter not to have recourse to force and to settle their disputes through peaceful means.
(iv) The Indian Prime Minister and the Pak-President further agreed that all armed personnel of the two countries should be withdrawn not later than the February 25, 1966 to the positions they held prior to August 5, 1965 and both sides should observe the cease-fire terms and the c fire line
42. Analyse Directive Principles of State Policy on “Promotion of International peace and security’?
Ans: The Directive Principles of State Policy incorporated in the constitution of India mentions about promotion of International Peace and Security Article 51 of the constitution of India lays down provisions for the promotion of International Peace and Security.
They are:
(i) The state shall endeavour to promote peace and security
(ii) The state shall endeavour to maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
(iii) The state shall endeavour to foster respect for lifternational law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another.
(iv) The state shall endeavour to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
G. Long Type Questions & Answers:
1. Examine Indo-Pak Relations in the light of War of 1965 and 1971?
Ans: The Indo-Pak relations have been marked by a complex history with several conflicts and tensions between the two countries. The war of 1965 and 1971 significantly impacted the relations between India and Pakistan.
The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was primarily fought over that issue of Kashmir. It started with Pakistan launching a military operation in Kashmir, which led to a full-scale war between the two countries. The war ended in a statement with no significant territorial gains for either side. However, it further deepened the existing hostilities and mistrust between the two nations.
The war of 1971 was a significant turning point in the Indo-Pak relations. It emerged as a result of the political and humanitarian crisis in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The Pakistani
military crackdown on the Bengali population led to a massive influx of refugees into India. India supported the Bengali freedom fighters, and eventually, a full-scale war broke out between India and Pakistan.
The 1971 war resulted in the liberation of Bangladesh, with India playing crucial role in the process. It led to the surrender of Pakistani forces in Dhaka and the establishment of Bangladesh as an independent nation. The war had far-reaching consequences for the Indo-Pak relations, as it created a deep sense of bitterness and animosity on the Pakistani side, while India emerged as a regional power with increased influence.
Following these wars, the relations between India and Pakistan have remained tense and characterized by intermittent conflicts, border skirmishes, and political disputes, especially regarding the Kashmir issue. Efforts to resolve the conflicts and normalize relations have been made through diplomatic channels and peace talks, but progress has been slow and often detailed by incidents of violence or terrorist attacks.
The wars of 1965 and 1971 had a lasting impact on the Indo-Pak relations, shaping the narratives, perceptions, and strategies of both countries. The conflicts have contributed to the deep-rooted mistrust and hostility between India and Pakistan, making it challenging to achieve long-lasting peace and stability in the region. The resolution of outstanding issues, such as Kastumir, remains a crucial factor in improving the relations and fostering a more cooperative and peaceful environment between the two nations.
2. What do you mean by foreign policy? Explain briefly.
Ans: An independent nation has to follow two kind of policy, one is national policy and other is foreign policy. Foreign policy means those policies which conducts external relations among independent nations. Every country of the world has to adopt some policies while maintaining relation with other countries of the world.
No country can live in isolation. It needs to depend on others for various needs of trade, culture etc. Foreign policy is a systematic statement of deliberately selected national interests based on its national interests, global concerns, economic development etc.
Professor Rajni Kothari, a great thinker and scholar has described the importance of the foreign policy of a country in these words. Any discussion of the performance of a political system must sooner or later come to grips with the fact that it forms parts of a large world setting with which its interests almost continuously.
3. Write a note on India-China border dispute.
Ans: In January 1962, China prepared plans to attack India on two fronts namely NEFA and Ladakh. In June 1962, China captured certain parts of Ladakh and on September 1962 crossed NEFA. There was a massive attack and the two nations battled it out. As the Indian troops were not prepared and equipped to meet such a massive threat, within three weeks China was able to move over all the mountain passes and threaten the plains of Assam. But on the first week of November, China declared unilateral ceasefire doing huge causalities on India. Thus, literally India was defeat in this war.
Impact of Sino-Indian Border War: The Chinese invasion gave a serious set back to Sino-Indian relations as well as the prestige of India. The reverses suffered by India at the hands of China greatly undermined her position.
The defeat also encouraged Pakistan to think in terms of forcing a military solution of Kashmir on India. The border war also gave a serious sel back to the Indian development. The development plans were worst affected.
Above all the war made Indians more security conscious and the people rose as one person in defending their country. In the words of T.N. Kaul, lesson of our dealings with China was that as a non-aligned country we had to depend on ourselves and make the most of the resources. We had to become self-reliant in the economic, defence and political fields to the maximum extent possible in the minimum possible time. We had to look for reliable friends who had a mutuality of interest with us and on whom we could rely in times of difficulty. The Chinese invasion of 1962 was the first serious threat to our policy of non-alignment. But it increased our faith in this policy as it helped us to forge better and more enduring friendship that stood us in later years.
4. Write briefly on India’s changing relations with Pakistan.
Ans: In case of India’s changing relations with Pakistan the conflict started just after partition over the dispute on Kashmir, The Kashmir conflict did not prevent cooperation between the governments of India and Pakistan. Both the governments worked together to restore the women abducted during partition to their original families. A long term dispute about the sharing of river waters was resolved through mediation by the World Bank. The India Pakistan Indus waters treaty was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960. Despite all ups and downs in the Indo-Pak relations, this treaty has worked well. A more serious armed conflict between the two countries began in 1965, by then Lal Bahadur Shastri had taken over as the Prime Minister.
In April 1965, Pakistan launched armed attacks in the Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat. In order to case the pressure on the Kashmir front, Shastri ordered Indian troops to launch a counter offensive on the Punjab border. In a fierce battle, the Indian army reached close to Lahore. The hostilities came to an end with the U. N intervention. Later Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement, brokered by the Soviet Union in January 1966.
In the period after 1990, Indo-Pak relations have witnessed many new developments. While Kashmir continues to be the main issue between the two countries, there have been many efforts to restore normal relations. This means that cultural exchanges, movement of citizens and economic co-operation would be encouraged by both countries. But that could not avoid the near war situation from emerging in 1999. Even after this setback to the peace process, efforts at negotiating durable peace have been going on.
5. India’s foreign policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation. But India fought three wars in span of ten years between 1962 and 1972. Would you say that this was a failure of the foreign policy?
Ans: India’s foreign policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation. Although India fought three wars within a period of ten years between 1962 and 1972, yet India’s foreign policy is not responsible in this context. The international circumstances and the role of pressure must be significant in this noble cause.
The Chinese invasion 1962 is actually a serious conflict between India and China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical suffer between two countries. Another issue of conflict was the border dispute between India and China. China claimed two areas within the Indian territory. Despite a very long correspondence are discussion this problem could not be resolved. Thus, the above situation indulge India to take part in conflict.
In case of Pakistan the conflict started just after partition over Kashmir A more serious armed conflict between the two countries began in 1965 with the initiative of Pakistan. The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention and Tashkent Agreement.
6. Describe the internal and external determinants of India’s Foreign Policy.
Ans: The external and internal determinants of Indian Foreign Policy are as follows:
(i) Internal Factors:
(a) National Interest: Every country has certain basic interests the root of its foreign policy. India has also similarly certain basic interest the foremost being national interest. Jawaharlal Nehru, as the first Prime Minister and Foreign Minister told the constituent Assembly on December 1947 thus “we may talk about peace and freedom and earnestly mean what we say. But in the ultimate analysis, a government functions for the good of the country it governs.” In his view, a nation’s self interest may itself demand a policy of cooperation with other nations.
(b) Constitutional obligations: Directive principles of state policy are the guiding principles for the mutation of policies and legislation.
(c) Economic Development: One of the important determinants of Indian Foreign Policy is economic development. For the development of the country Economic Development is necessary.
(ii) External Factors:
(a) Power Politics of Super power: After the 2nd world war, the world was divided into two blocs one headed by USA and other headed by USSR. But Indian leader decided to be free from the two blocs.
(b) Emergence of the Third World: There was a sea change in the international political relation with the emergence of the newly independent state of Asia, Africa and Latin America which were economically and politically weak. India tries to bring all these countries under one umbrella called non alignment.
(c) Cooperation with UNO: India use the UN platform to spread the message of world peace. India was convinced that the UN and is agencies should be strengthened in their efforts towards international peace and development of all nations.
7. ‘India’s relationship with her neighbours has been straine from the beginning” Explain.
Ans: It is absolutely true that India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained since the attainment of independence. India has several times experienced deadly wars against her neighbours.
This can be explained like:
(a) India’s relationship with Pakistan: India’s tense relationship with Pakistan was started just after partition over the dispute on Kashmir A more serious armed conflict between the two countries began in 1965 with the initiative of Pakistan. Pakistan in the recent years have sponsored cross border terrorism and disturbed the internal peace of India. The Parliament attack in December, 2011 and Mumbai attacks in 2008 are classic examples of Pakistan sponsored terrorism. India’s dispute again Pakistan is also due to Indus river. Although an agreement was signed by the two nations, still the problems persists between the two.
(b) India’s relationship with China: India’s strained relationship with China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical suffer between two countries. Initially, the government of India did not oppose this openly. Another issue of conflict was the border dispute between India and China. China claimed two areas within the Indian territory. Despite a long correspondence and discussion among top leaders these differences could not be resolved. China does not support India to secure a permanent seat in United Nations. When she required the support of the neighbouring countries to get a permanent seat.
8. Write short notes on:
(a) India’s Nuclear Policy.
Ans: India’s Nuclear policy: Use of atomic (nuclear) policy fo peaceful purposes has always been the basis of India’s foreign policy. As a result of the nuclear explosions made by India in 1974 and 1998, India became the sixth nuclear country in the world, but India’s aim is not to faster the armament race in this part of the world. India is still a supporter of the policy of disarmament and favours the total destruction of all nuclear weapons possessed by all the nuclear powers. However, India has not yet signed the Non-proliferation Treaty (CTBT) as she is of the opinion that it favours the nuclear powers and divides the world into two types of states states having nuclear weapons and others who are without them. India has suggested that first all the countries who possess nuclear weapons should destroy these weapons and only then India could consider signing the treaty. After the nuclear explosions made by India in 1998, the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declared that the nuclear power will be used only for self-defence.
(b) Consensus in foreign policy matters.
Ans: Consensus in foreign policy matters: Although India has multiple party system and different political parties have come to power at different times, yet foreign policy has played a very little role in party politics. During the decade of 1962-72 when India had to face three wars, or even later Indian politics has generally seen marked by a broad agreement among the parties on non-alignment, Kashmir issue, protection of international boundaries, sovereignty and territorial integrity and on questions of national interest. Although Kashmir continues to be the main cause of tension between India and Pakistan, the general view in the country is to establish normal relations with Pakistan through trade and cultural exchanges. There is consensus on the citizens of both the countries on movement of citizens across the border and economic cooperation.
9. Who was the architects of India’s Foreign Policy? Explain three basic objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy.
Ans: Prime Minister as well as Foreign Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the architects of India’s foreign policy. He exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s Foreign policy from 1946 to 1964.
The three basic objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy are as follows:
(i) Firstly, it seeks to protect the territorial integrity of the country and protect the interests of the citizens both within and outside the country. For this purpose the states prefer to follow the policy of status quo it is branded as revisionist and arouse suspicion of other members of the international community. It was to protect the interests of its citizens both inside and outside the state for the maintenance of its prestige.
(ii) Secondly, the objective of foreign policy is to maintain link with other members of international community and adoption of policy of conflict or co-operation towards them with a view to promoting its own interest. Jawaharlal Nehru said as early as 1951 that what India need is passion for peace and for civilized behaviour in international affairs. India’s non- alignment implies that she will endeavour to maintain friendship with all countries as far as possible.
(i) Thirdly, to promote rapid economic development. After Independence the economic condition was not well so he wanted a rapid economic development for the country. With its limited resources, had initiated development planning.
10. Discuss India’s role in Afro-Asian unity during the Nehru’s Era?
Ans: India played a significant role in promoting Afro-Asian unity during the era of Jawaharlal Nehru, who served as India’s first Prime Minister from 1947 to 1964. Nehru was a prominent leader of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which sought to forge a united front of newly independent nations from Africa and Asia.
India’s role in Afro-Asian unity during Nehru’s era can be understood through the following aspects:
(a) Bandung Conference: India played a pivotal role in organizing the historic Bandung Conference held in 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia. The conference brought together leaders from 29 Asian and African countries, aiming to promote solidarity and cooperation among the nations that had recently gained independence from colonial rule. Nehru was instrumental in shaping the conference’s agenda and advocating for the principles of non-alignment, anti-colonialism, and equality among nations.
(b) Non-Alignment: Nehru’s philosophy of non-alignment, which sought to maintain neutrality and avoid alignment with either of the Cold War blocs the United States-led Western bloc or the Soviet Union-led Eastern bloc), resonated with many newly independent nations in Africa and Asia. India actively promoted non-alignment as a means to preserve sovereignty and pursue independent foreign policies, which appealed to countries facing the pressures of Cold War rivalries.
(c) Support for Decolonization: India staunchly supported the decolonization efforts of African and Asian countries. Nehru and the Indian government provided moral, political, and diplomatic support to independence movements in various nations, including Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Algeria, and others. India’s own experience with British colonial rule made it empathetic to the struggles of other nations seeking freedom.
(d) Technical and Economic Assistance: India extended technical and economic assistance to newly independent African and Asian countries. Nehru believed in South-South cooperation and emphasized sharing India’s developmental experiences and expertise with other nations. India provided scholarships, sent technical experts, and collaborated on developmental projects, contributing to the socio-economic progress of partner countries.
(e) Support for Anti-Apartheid Movements: India actively supported the anti-apartheid movements in South Africa and played a crucial role in isolating the apartheid regime internationally. Nehru and subsequent Indian leaders, including Indira Gandhi, condemned apartheid and provided support to South African freedom fighters such as Nelson Mandela.
(f) Global Diplomacy: Nehru’s leadership and India’s growing stature on the global stage enabled the country to serve as a bridge between Africa and Asia. India actively engaged in diplomatic efforts to foster unity, resolve conflicts, and promote cooperation between the two regions. Nehru’s personal relationships with African leaders, such as Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, and Gamal Abdel Nasser, further facilitated india’s role as a mediator and facilitator of Afro-Asian unity.
11. Write short note on:
(a) Indo-Pak. Relation
Ans: The relationship between India and Pakistan has been complex nd marked by periods of both cooperation and conflict since their independence from British rule in 1947. The two nations share a tumultuous history shaped by territorial disputes, religious tensions, and geopolitical actors.
Here are some key aspects of Indo-Pak relations:
(i) Partition and Kashmir Dispute: The partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 led to one of the most contentious issues n their relationship-the Kashmir dispute. Both countries claim the region Jammu and Kashmir in its entirety and have engaged in multiple wars nd conflicts over the territory.
(i) Wars and Conflicts: India and Pakistan have fought several wars, including the Indo-Pak wars of 1947-1948, 1965, 1971 (which led to the creation of Bangladesh), and the Kargil conflict in 1999. These conflicts have resulted in loss of lives, strained relations, and territorial changes.
(iii) Nuclear Arms Race: Both India and Pakistan became nuclear- armed nations in the late 20th century. The nuclear tests conducted by both countries in 1998 further escalated tensions and raised concerns about the stability of the region.
(iv) Terrorism and Cross-Border Incidents: India has accused Pakistan of supporting and harboring terrorist groups that have carried out attacks on Indian soil, including the 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Cross-border incidents, infiltration attempts, and skirmishes along the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir have been frequent sources of tension.
(v) Peace Processes and Diplomatic Efforts: There have been various attempts to improve relations between India and Pakistan through peace processes and diplomatic initiatives. These include the Shimla Agreement in 1972, the Lahore Declaration in 1999, the Agra Summit in 2001, and the Composite Dialogue process initiated in 2004. However, progress has often been hindered by acts of terrorism, political instability, and lack of trust.
(vi) Track II Diplomacy and People-to-People Contacts: Despite the challenges at the official level, there have been efforts to promote people-to-people contacts and dialogue through Track II diplomacy. Various civil society organizations, cultural exchanges, and sports activities aim to bridge the divide and promote understanding between the peoples of both countries.
(vii) Economic and Trade Relations: Economic and trade ties between India and Pakistan have been limited but have shown some signs of improvement in recent years. Both countries are members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and have participated in regional initiatives for economic integration.
(b) Kargil Confrontation:
Ans: (i) The Kargil conflict went on during May and June 1999. Pakistani army entered into Indian territory in the Kargil region. Indian army pushed then back and defeated. Relation between the two countries will not only remove a source of threat to peace but also open up the doors of economic development.
(ii) Border roads and posts would be opened for trade. This would make easy availability of goods in the border areas.
(iii) The issue of Dalai Lama taking political asylum in Dharamshala is also a bone of contention between the two. Therefore, India and Chian will come to a consensus to find a final solution.
(iv) Plans should also been made to increase cultural links between the two countries. Cultural team will also be exchanged between the two countries to consolidate this area.
(v) The issue of contention between China and India regarding the areas of Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh must be resolved.
12. Explain in brief about the Kargil War.
Ans: The Kargil War was a military conflict between India and Pakistan that took place in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, a disputed territory between the two countries. The war began in May 1999 and lasted for approximately two months until July 1999.
The conflict originated when Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated into Indian-controlled territory, occupying strategic positions in the mountains along the Line of Control (LoC). The objective of the Pakistani forces was to sever the link between the Indian-administered Kashmir and Ladakh region.
The Indian armed forces launched a military operation, code named Operation Vijay, to recapture the occupied territory. The Indian Army, supported by the Indian Air Force, engaged in intense fighting against well-entrenched Pakistani troops on the steep mountain slopes. The rugged terrain and high altitude posed significant challenges for both sides.
The Kargil War witnessed intense ground battles, artillery exchanges, and air strikes. The Indian Army gradually regained control of the infiltrated areas, employing a combination of infantry assaults, artillery barrages, and close air support. The Indian Air Force played a crucial role in providing air superiority and carrying out precise strikes on enemy positions.
The conflict drew international attention, and diplomatic efforts were made to defuse the situation. The war came to an end in July 1999, with India successfully pushing back the Pakistani forces and reclaiming its territory. The conflict resulted in significant casualties on both sides, with soldiers and civilians losing their lives.
The Kargil War had far-reaching consequences for India and Pakistan. It highlighted the need for better border management and intelligence gathering. It also led to a renewed focus on resolving the long-standing dispute over Kashmir and the importance of diplomatic initiatives between the two countries.
The conflict demonstrated the valor and determination of the Indian armed forces, and it remains a significant chapter in the military history of India. The Kargil War serves as a reminder of the challenges and complexities involved in the India-Pakistan relationship and the ongoing quest for peace in the region.
13. Write in brief about the Nuclear Policy of India.
Ans: India’s nuclear policy is based on a doctrine of credible minimum deterrence.
Here’s a brief overview:
(a) No First Use (NFU): India’s nuclear policy states that it will not be the first to use nuclear weapons in any conflict. This NFU policy is intended to emphasize India’s commitment to using nuclear weapons solely as a deterrent against aggression.
(b) Credible Minimum Deterrence: India’s nuclear doctrine is based on the principle of credible minimum deterrence. It means that India’s nuclear capabilities are designed to deter potential adversaries from initiating a nuclear attack. India maintains a sufficient and survivable nuclear arsenal to ensure an effective response to any nuclear aggression.
(c) Non-Proliferation: India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which it views as discriminatory. However, India is committed to preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and materials and advocates for global disarmament.
(d) Civilian Nuclear Energy: India seeks to harness nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. It has pursued civilian nuclear cooperation agreements with various countries to meet its growing energy needs and develop its nuclear power sector. The landmark India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement in 2008 opened up opportunities for nuclear cooperation with other Nations.
(e) Maintaining a Strong Command and Control Structure: India places high importance on maintaining a robust command and control structure for its nuclear weapons. Strict protocols and safeguards are in place to ensure secure control, prevent unauthorized use, and maintain a high level of operational readiness.
(f) Confidence-Building Measures: India advocates for confidence-building measures and global efforts towards disarmament and non-proliferation. It has consistently called for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons through negotiations and supports initiatives like the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).
14. Explain the role played by India in maintaining Afro-Asian Unity.
Ans: India has played a significant role in maintaining Afro-Asian Unity and fostering cooperation among nations in these regions.
Here are some key contributions:
(a) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): India, along with other prominent leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, played a crucial role in establishing the Non-Aligned Movement. The NAM aimed to create a platform for countries in Africa, Asia, and other parts of the world to assert their independence and pursue a foreign policy independent of the major power blocs during the Cold War era.
(b) Advocacy for Decolonization: India actively supported the decolonization efforts of African and Asian countries. India itself had experienced British colonial rule and understood the aspirations of newly independent nations. India’s leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, strongly advocated for the end of colonialism and provided moral and diplomatic support to liberation movements across Africa and Asia.
(c) Support for Anti-Apartheid Movement: India played a crucial role in supporting the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Indian leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, inspired the nonviolent resistance strategies employed by South African leaders like Nelson Mandela. India imposed trade sanctions on South Africa, provided moral support, and hosted exiled leaders from the African National Congress (ANC).
(d) Development Cooperation: India has been actively involved in providing developmental assistance and technical cooperation to African and Asian countries. India’s expertise in various sectors, including agriculture, healthcare, education, and technology, has been shared through training programs, capacity building initiatives, and joint projects. India’s efforts aim to promote self-reliance and sustainable development in these regions.
(e) Diplomatic Engagements: India has engaged in extensive diplomatic efforts to strengthen ties with African and Asian countries. It has hosted several high-level visits, participated in regional and international conferences, and supported diplomatic initiatives aimed at fostering cooperation and solidarity among nations. India has been vocal in advocating for the interests and concerns of Afro-Asian countries on various global platforms, including the United Nations.
(f) South-South Cooperation: India has actively promoted South- South cooperation, which involves collaboration and exchange of resources, knowledge, and expertise among developing countries. India has played a vital role in facilitating dialogue, economic partnerships, and cultural exchanges between African and Asian nations. It has provided platforms for sharing best practices and addressing common challenges faced by these regions.
15. Explain the Directive Principles related to the promotion of International Peace and Security.
Ans: The Directive Principles of State Policy in India are a set of guidelines or principles outlined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution. While not legally enforceable, they serve as moral and social ideals for the government to strive towards. While there are no specific directives related to the promotion of international peace and security, certain principles indirectly contribute to this objective.
Here are some relevant principles:
(i) Article 51: This article contains a directive related to promoting international peace and security. It states that the state shall endeavor to:
(a) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations.
(b) Encourage settlement of international disputes through negotiation.
(ii) Promotion of International Peace: Several other Directive Principles indirectly contribute to the promotion of international peace and security. These include:
(a) Article 38: It emphasizes the need for securing a social order that promotes the welfare of the people, including justice and preventing concentration of wealth.
(b) Article 39: It emphasizes securing equal opportunities for citizens, distributing resources for the common good, and preventing the concentration of wealth.
(c) Article 51A: It enlists fundamental duties of citizens, including promoting harmony, spirit of common brotherhood, and renouncing practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
(iii) Respect for International Law and Obligations: The Constitution encourages the government and citizens to respect international law and obligations. This can contribute to maintaining peace and security globally.
16. Explain any four important features of India’s Nuclear Policy.
Ans: India’s nuclear policy encompasses several important features that shape its approach to nuclear weapons.
Here are four key features:
(a) No First Use (NFU) Policy: One of the significant features of India’s nuclear policy is its No First Use stance. India has declared that it will not be the first to use nuclear weapons in any conflict. The NFU policy is meant to emphasize India’s commitment to using nuclear weapons solely as a deterrent against aggression. However, it does not preclude a nuclear response if India is attacked with nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction.
(b) Credible Minimum Deterrence: India’s nuclear doctrine is based on the principle of credible minimum deterrence. It means that India maintains a nuclear arsenal that is sufficient to deter potential adversaries from initiating a nuclear attack. The focus is on maintaining a survivable and effective deterrent capability rather than pursuing an arms race. India’s nuclear posture is intended to dissuade any potential aggressor from considering nuclear aggression by ensuring a credible response.
(c) Non-Proliferation and Global Disarmament: India, while not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), is committed to non-proliferation and global disarmament. India advocates for the elimination of nuclear weapons through negotiations and supports initiatives such as the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).
India’s pursuit of civilian nuclear energy is seen as a means to meet its growing energy needs while ensuring non-proliferation and maintaining a separation between its civilian and military nuclear programs.
(d) Strict Command and Control: India places a strong emphasis on maintaining a robust command and control structure for its nuclear weapons. Stringent protocols and safeguards are in place to ensure secure control, prevent unauthorized use, and maintain a high level of operational readiness. The Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) oversees the command and control of India’s nuclear forces, comprising political and military leadership responsible for decision-making regarding nuclear weapons.
17. Explain about shifting alliances in world politics.
Ans: Shifting alliances in world politics refer to the phenomenon where countries form new alliances or alter existing ones based on changing geopolitical dynamics, national interests, and strategic considerations. These shifts can occur due to a variety of factors, including changes in power dynamics, emerging threats, regional conflicts, economic considerations, and ideological shifts.
Here are some key points to understand shifting alliances:
(a) Balance of Power: Countries often seek to maintain a balance of power to safeguard their interests and security. As the distribution of power shifts, countries may reassess their alliances to align themselves with rising powers or counterbalance dominant ones. This can lead to shifts in alliances to ensure a favorable balance and protect national interests.
(b) Security Threats: The perception of security threats can prompt countries to reevaluate their alliances. Emerging threats, such as terrorism, nuclear proliferation, or regional conflicts, can alter the security landscape, leading countries to form new partnerships or strengthen existing ones. For example, the formation of coalitions to combat terrorism after the 9/ 11 attacks.
(c) Economic Interests: Economic considerations can play a significant role in shaping alliances. Countries often seek alliances with states that offer economic benefits, such as access to markets, resources, or investment opportunities. Economic alliances, such as trade agreements or economic blocs, can influence countries to align their interests and forge new partnerships.
(d) Ideological and Political Shifts: Changes in political ideologies, leadership transitions, or ideological realignments can lead to shifting alliances. Countries may seek partners who share similar values or align with their ideological positions. For instance, ideological changes in governments may lead to shifts from non-aligned or neutral positions to aligning with like-minded countries or blocs.
(e) Geopolitical Considerations: Geopolitical factors, such as territorial disputes, access to strategic resources, or control over key waterways, can prompt countries to reassess their alliances. The pursuit of geopolitical interests and influence can drive countries to form new alliances or seek partnerships to secure their strategic objectives. Multilateral Institutions: Membership in multilateral institutions and organizations can influence alliance dynamics. Countries often seek alliances or partnerships with states that share membership in regional or global institutions. Participation in these organizations can shape shared norms, rules, and frameworks that influence alliance choices.
18. Write the main objectives of the National Policy for the Empowerment of Women, 2001.
Ans: The National Policy on Empowerment of Women adopted in 2001 states that All forms of violence against women, physical and mental whether at domestic or societal levels, including those arising from customs, traditions or accepted practices shall be dealt with effectively with a view to eliminate its incidence. Institutions and mechanisms schemes for assistance will be created and strengthened for prevention of such violence, including sexual harassment at work place and customs like dowry, for the rehabilitation of the victims of violence and for taking effective action against the perpetrators of such violence. A special emphasis will also be laid on programmes and measures to deal with trafficking in women and girls.
Under the Operational Strategies, the Policy provides:
(a) Strict enforcement of relevant legal provisions and speedy redressal of grievances with special focus on violence and gender related atrocities
(b) Measures to prevent and punish sexual harassment at work place and protection of women workers in the organised/unorganized sector.
(c) Crime against women – their incidence, prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution to be reviewed regularly at all crime review fora at the Central, State and District levels.
(d) Women’s Cells in Police Stations, Women Police Stations, Family Courts, Mahila Courts, Family Counselling Centres, Legal Aid and Nyaya Panchayats to be strengthened and expanded to eliminate VAW and atrocities against women
The Policy also provides that “Women’s Cells in Police Stations, Women Police Stations, Family Courts, Mahila Courts, Counseling Centers, Legal Aid Centers and Nyaya Panchayats will be strengthened and expanded to eliminate violence and atrocities against women”.
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