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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5 Challenges to And Restoration of the Congress System
AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Unit 5 Challenges to And Restoration of the Congress System Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Political Science Chapter 5 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Part 2 In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT,AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Part 2 Chapter 5.
Unit 5 Challenges to And Restoration of the Congress System
1. In India, which year was labelled as the ‘dangerous decade’?
Ans: In India 1960’s was labelled as the dangerous decade.
2. To which state did Lal Bahadur Shastri belong?
Ans: Lal Bahadur Shastri belongs to Uttar Pradesh.
3. Who became successor of Lal Bahadur Shastri as Prime Minister of India?
Ans: Indira Gandhi became the successor of Lal Bahadur Shastri as Prime Minister of India.
4. Which year was considered as a landmark year in India’s political and electoral history?
Ans: 1967 was considered as a landmark year in India’s political and electoral history.
5. Name the full form of DMK.
Ans: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was the full form of D.M.K.
6. When was the system of coalition started in India?
Ans: In the year 1967 the system of coalition started in India.
7. To which MLA did the phrase “Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ belong?
Ans: The phrase Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ belongs to Gaya Lal, an M.L.A. from Haryana.
8. When the fourth general election was held.
Ans: In 1967 the fourth general election was held.
9. What is the meaning of defection.
Ans: Defection means an elected MLA and MP leave the political party on whose symbol they are elected and join other political party.
10. Write the full form of SVD.
Ans: The full form of S.V.D. is Sanyukt Vidhayak Dal.
11. When Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru died?
Ans: Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru died in May 1964.
12. Who become the Prime Minister of India after Pt. Jawahar lal Nehru.?
Ans: Lal Bahadur Sastri.
13. Write one factor that led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s govt. in the year 1970?
Ans: For initiating the programme of ‘Garibi Hatao’.
14. What do you mean by SVD?
Ans: Samyukta Vidhayak Dal.
15. Which party was the main opposition in the Lok Sabha in 1967?
Ans: SVD.
16. Who was the political successor of Lal Bahadur Shastri?
Ans: Indira Gandhi.
17. Discuss briefly about the controversy relating to Presidential Election of 1969.
Ans: When the elected member of the Union Parliament and the state legislative assemblies went to pools on August 16, 1969, to elect the fourth president of the Indian republic, there was a widespread excitement in the country.
18. Who emerged as the winner in the presidential election of 1969-1971?
Ans: V.V. Giri, the candidate supported by the opposition parties, emerged as the winner in the presidential election.
19. When did the railway strike of 1974 take place?
Ans: The railway strike of 1974 took place in May and June of 1974.
20. What were the main reasons for the railway strike of 1974?
Ans: The railway strike of 1974 was primarily fueled by demands for higher wages, improved working conditions, and the recognition of railway unions.
21. Which organizations were involved in the railway strike of 19742
Ans: The strike was organized by the All India Railwaymen’s Federation (AIRF) and the National Federation of Indian Railwaymen (NFIR), two prominent railway unions.
22. Who emerged as the winner in the presidential election of 1969-1971?
Ans: V.V. Giri, the candidate supported by the opposition parties, emerged as the winner in the presidential election. He secured a majority of the votes in the electoral college.
23. How did the victory of V.V. Giri impact Indian politics?
Ans: The victory of V.V. Giri was seen as a setback for the ruling Congress party led by Indira Gandhi. It highlighted the internal divisions within the party and weakened the authority of the Prime Minister. The victory of an opposition-supported candidate also indicated the growing strength of the opposition against the ruling party.
24. How long did the railway strike of 1974 last?
Ans: The strike lasted for a total of 20 days, from May 8 to May 28, 1974.
25. What were the impacts of the railway strike of 1974?
Ans: The railway strike severely disrupted train services across India, causing inconvenience to passengers and affecting transportation of goods. The strike led to financial losses for the Indian Railways and resulted in a loss of revenue.
26. How did the government respond to the railway strike of 1974?
Ans: The government, under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, initially took a tough stance against the striking railway employees. However, after negotiations and discussions, the government agreed to some of the demands put forth by the unions, leading to the resolution of the strike.
27. Was there any political implications of the railway strike of 1974?
Ans: Yes, the railway strike of 1974 had political implications. It highlighted the grievances of the railway employees and brought attention to the working conditions and wage issues in the public sector. The strike also led to increased political mobilization and awareness among the railway workers.
28. Did the railway strike of 1974 lead to any long-term changes in the railway sector?
Ans: While the immediate demands of the striking employees weré addressed, the strike did not bring about significant long-term changes in the railway sector. However, it did pave the way for subsequent labor reforms and negotiations in the Indian Railways.
29. How did the railway strike of 1974 impact future labor movements in India?
Ans: The railway ‘strike of 1974 served as a precedent for future labor movements and strikes in India. It inspired other sectors and unions to assert their demands and led to increased activism and organization among workers in the country.
30. When was the presidential election of 1969-1971 held?
Ans: The presidential election of 1969-1971 was held in July 1969.
31. Who were the main candidates in the presidential election of 1969-1971?
Ans: The main candidates in the presidential election were V.V. Giri, who was supported by a coalition of opposition parties, and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, who was the official candidate of the ruling party, the Indian National Congress.
32. When and why did Congress face challenge of political succession second time?
Ans: After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, the Congress faced challenge of political Successor in second time.
33. In which four states of the country the congress did not get a majority in the state legislatures?
Ans: In Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh of the country the congress did not get a majority in the state Legislatures.
34. What do you know about Lal Bahadur Shastri?
Ans: Lal Bahadur Shastri was born in 1904 in Uttar Pradesh. He was unanimously chosen as the leader of the congress parliamentary party and thus became the country’s next Prime Minister. He participated in the freedom movement since 1930. He was the Prime Minister of India from 1964 to 1966. He had been a minister of UP cabinet, general secretary of congress. He coined the famous slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan”.
35. Name the two leaders who were known for the following the slogans?
(a) ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’
Ans: ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’ – Lal Bahadur Shastri.
(b) ‘Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’
Ans: ‘Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ – Gaya Lal.
36. Explain the term ‘Aya Ram Gaya Ram’. How this term originates?
Ans: The term “Aya Ram, Gaya Ram” refers to describe the practice of frequent floor-crossing by the legislators. After the fourth-general election defection became a frequent phenomena in the politics of India. The term “Aya Ram, Gaya Ram” specially refers to Gaya Lal a MLA in Haryana. In the year 1967 Gaya Lal changed his party thrice in a fortnight.
37. What does the word ‘Political Earthquake signify in Indian Politics?
Ans: The word ‘Political Earthquake signifies the Political disaster of congress in the fourth general election in Indian politics. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated. Many senior and experienced congress men like Kamaraj, S.K. Patil, Atulya Ghosh and K.B. Sahay were defeated.
38. What is Non-congressism?
Ans: The opposition parties of congress come together to form anti- congress fronts in the fourth general elections. This coming together of anti congress opposition parties is called the strategy of non-congressism. The parties opposed to the congress realised that the division of their. votes kept the congress in power. Thus, parties that were entirely different and disparate in their programmes and ideology got together to form anti- congress fronts in some states and entered into electoral adjustment of sharing seats in others.
39. Give the status of SVD.
Ans: The election of 1967 brought into picture the phenomenon of coalitions. Since no single party had got majority, various non-congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties that supported non- congress governments. That is why these governments came to be described as SVD or Samyukta Vidhayak Dal governments.
40. Which party was the main opposition in the Lok Sabha in 1967?
Ans: The Swatantra Party was the main opposition party in the 1967 elections. The congress won 283 seats whereas the Swatantra Party captured 44 seats. 8.68% of vote was pulled in favour of Swatantra Party.
41. Explain the term ‘Grand Alliance’.
Ans: Grand Alliance was formed by non-Communist and non-Congress political parties. It was formed in 1971. The SSP, PSP, Bhartiya Jana Sangha, Swatantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal were the members of Grand Alliance. It was an electoral alliance formed with the objective to oppose Indira Gandhi.
42. Explain the term ‘whip’.
Ans: During the Presidential elections of 1969 the then Congress president S. Nijaingapa issued a whip all the congress MPs and MLA’s to vote in favour of Sanjeeva Reddy, the official candidate of the party.
43. Write few lines about Morarji Desai.
Ans: Morarji Desai was born in 1896. He was a freedom fighter and a prominent Gandhian leader. He was a proponent of Khadi naturopathy and prohibition. He had been the chief minister of Bombay state. Deputy Prime Minister (1967-69) He joined congress (o) after the split in the party. He had also been the Prime Minister from 1977 to 1979. Morarji Desai was the first Prime Minister belonging to a non-congress party.
44. When did Shastri’s Prime Ministership come to an end? Who was the Political successor of Lal Bahadur Shastri?
Ans: Lal Bahadur Shastri’s Prime Ministership came to an abrupt end on 10 January 1966, when he suddenly expired in Tashkent, then in USSR and currently the capital of Uzbekistan.
Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the political successor of Lal Bahadur Shastri.
45. Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ how this term originates?
Ans: When Gaya Ram changed his party from Congress to communist and when he also returned to Congress and after remaining some months in Congress again by going to another party, Birendra Singh Rao declared this term.
B. Short Type Questions & Answers:
1. How Fourth General Election jolted the congress?
Ans: The electoral verdict of fourth general elections of 1967 jolted the congress party:
(1) The congress was facing the electorate for the first time without Nehru.
(ii) The congress did manage to get a majority in Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes since 1952.
2. What were the two challenges faced by India from 1964 to 1966 during Lal Bahadur Shastri’s brief Prime Ministership. 2013
Ans: The two challenges faced by India from 1964 to 1966 during Lal Bahadur Shastri is brief Prime Ministership were:
(i) During this time India was recovering from the economic implications of the war with China.
(ii) Food crisis took place in his regime. India saw drought in several states due to consecutive monsoon failure that further led to low food productivity.
3. When and why did congress face challenge of political succession second time?
Ans: Congress face challenges of political succession second time, after the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri.
It is because of:
(i) There was an intense competition between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi for the post of prime Minister.
(ii) Morarji Desai had earlier served as chief Minister of Bombay state (today’s Gujarat and Maharashtra) and also as a Minister at the centre while, Indira Gandhi the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru had been congress president and also the union minister for information in the Shastri cabinet.
4. Explain the emergence of coalition government.
Ans: When no single party achieves absolute majority in the election then coalition government is formed by making alliance of two or more than two political parties. The election of 1967 brought into picture of the phenomenon of coalition government in Indian politics.
The reason for the emergence of coalition governments are as follows:
(1) After the results of 1967 elections were declared no single party could get majority.
(ii) Therefore, various non-congress parties came together to form joint legislature parties called S.V.D. (Samyukta Vidhayak Dal) that supported non-congress government.
(iii) There was an attempt by the various non-congress parties to form a coalition government.
(iv) The coalition partners were ideologically incongruent and their ideals were not all same. But yet the system of coalition came into Indian politics for the first time.
5. Was the congress split in 1969 avoidable? Explain.
Ans: The congress split in 1969 was avoidable if syndicate and Indira Gandhi would have a good relationship. The equity between the two factions led to factional rivalry which created bitterness between Indira Gandhi and Syndicate. It led to Presidential elections and split of the party into two parts.
6. Write short note on abolition of Privy Purse of Princely States.
Ans: After, independence of India, most of the princely state were integrated with India. The rulers of princely states were given privy purse for their maintenance. Nehru wanted to abolish this system became it was not in conformity with the principle of equality and justice as laid down in the constitution of India. Indira Gandhi also supported the fact that privy purse should be abolished. The government of India issued an ordinance to to abolish privy purse. However, Supreme court of India struck down the ordinance. Later on, in 1971 the constitution was amended with a view to remove legal obstacles for abolishing ‘Privy purse’.
7. What were the factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government. in the early 1970s?
Ans: The factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s are mentioned below:
(i) Charismatic leader: Indira Gandhi was a charismatic leader Due to her attracting personality, she become popular and powerful in the government.
(ii) Positive Programme: Indira Gandhi took some positive programme for the benefits of poor, farmer, Dalits etc. Indira Gandhi gave emphasis on the growth of the public sector, land reforms and abolition of princely privileges.
(iii) Garibi Hatao Programme: The slogan Garibi Hatao was launched by Indira Gandhi and it became very popular. She tried to generate a support base among the landless labour, landless farmer, Dalits, adivasis and minorities etc.
8. Why did the Indira Government, decide to devalue the Indian Rupee in 1967? What was its result?
Ans: Indira Gandhi decided to devalue the Indian Rupee in 1967 due to following reasons:
(i)There was grave economic crisis during that period resulting from successive failure of monsoons, widespread drought.
(ii) There was decline in agricultural production which led to service food shortage.
(iii) Depletion of foreign exchange reserves and rapid drop in industrial production and exports.
(iv) There was a sharp rise in military expenditure and diversion of resources from planning and economic development.
As a result of devaluation, value of Indian rupees decreased. Earlier one US. dollar could be purchased for less than Rs 5, after devaluation it cost more than Rs. 7.
9. Explain briefly the term SVD in the new Era of Coalition.
Ans: The election of 1967 brought into picture the phenomenon of coalitions. Since no single party had got majority, various non congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties called Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) that supported non congress government. That is why these governments came to be described as SVD governments. In most of these cases the coalition partners were ideologically incongruent The SVD government in Bihar, for instance included the two socialist parties SSP and the PSP along with the CPI on the left and Jana Sangh on the right. In Punjab it was called the ‘Popular United Front’ and comprised the two rival Akali parties at that time sant group and the Master group with both the communist parties – the CPI and the CPI (M), the SSP, the Republican Party and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
10. What was the electoral verdict of the fourth general election of 1967?
Ans: The electoral verdict of 1967 fourth general election jolted the congress party. In the 4th general election held in February 1967, the congress party was facing the electorate for the first time without Nehru. The congress did manage to get a majority in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes. Since 1952, half the ministers in India Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated. The political stalwarts who lost in their constituencies were Kamaraj in Tamil Nadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal and K.B. Sahay in Bihar. The congress lost majority in as many as seven states. In two other states defections prevented it from forming a government.
11. What speculation arose after the death of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in the Indian politics?
Ans: After the death of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru speculation arose in various matter of Indian politics.
We can mention all these matter in some points like :
(i) After the death of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru the first speculation was regarding the issue of eligible political successor of Nehru.
(ii) A fear emerged in the minds of people that like so many other newly independent countries, India too would not be able to manage a democratic structure.
(iii) There were doubts if the new leadership would be able to handle the multiple crisis which waited for a solution.
(iv) It is feared that democratic failure in the country might lead to a political role for the army.
12. Discuss the nature of new Congress(R) party.
Ans: The electoral contest of 1971 was a landmark in the Indian Politics.
It was the restoration of congress (R).
(i) In Fact the electoral contest appeared to be loaded against congress
(R). After all the new congress was just one faction of an already weak party. Everyone believed that the real organizational strength of the congress party was under the command of congress (O).
(ii) To make matters worse for Indira Gandhi, all the major non communist, non-congress opposition parties formed an electoral alliance Known as the Grand Alliance.
iii) The SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal came together under this umbrella.
(iv) The congress (R)-CPI alliance won more seats and votes in 1971 In Lok Sabha election than the congress had ever won in the first four general elections, which was regarded as an dramatic decision.
13. State reasons for the defect of the congress in 1967. Give reasons for your answer.
Ans: The reasons for the defect of the congress in 1967 are as follows:
(i) Increased mobilization of regional ethnic and communal groups in he politics of India led to the defeat of the congress party.
(ii) Anti-Congressism developed in the later part of 1960’s, increased unity among non-congress parties led to the defeat of the congress party.
(iii) Internal differences within the congress party was also another reason for the defeat of the congress party.
(iv) Ignorance of the public protests by the government and considering the protest as law and order problem rather than expressions af people’s problems.
14. What is meant by Privy Purses? Why did Indira Gandhi insist abolishing them in 1970?
Ans: After, independence of India, most of the princely state were integrated with India. The rulers of princely states were given privy purse for or their maintenance. Nehru wanted to abolish this system because it was not in conformity with the principle of equality and justice as laid down in the constitution of India. Indira Gandhi also supported the fact that privy purse should be abolished. The government of India issued an ordinance of to abolish privy purse. However, Supreme court of India struck down he ordinance. Later on, in 1971 the constitution was amended with a view to remove legal obstacles for abolishing ‘Privy purse’.
C. Long Type Questions & Answers:
1. What is Non- Congressism? Discuss in the light of Indian Political Scene of 1967?
Ans: Non-Congressism refers to the political phenomenon in India where various regional and ideological parties emerged as alternatives to the dominant Indian National Congress. It gained prominence during the 1967 Indian general elections when non-Congress parties made significant electoral gains, challenging the Congress party’s long-standing hegemony. The Indian Political Scene of 1967 witnessed a shift in the political dynamics of the country. Several factors contributed to the rise of non-Congressism during this period:
(a) Regionalism: The 1960s saw the emergence of regional parties that aimed to protect and promote the interests of specific states or linguistic groups. These regional parties gained support by addressing local issues and asserting regional identity. The Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) in Uttar Pradesh, the United Front in West Bengal, and the DMK in Tamil Nadu were some notable examples.
(b) Social and Caste Movements: Social and caste movements gained momentum during this period, challenging the dominance of the Congress party. Leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia and Charan Singh advocated for social justice and mobilized support among marginalized communities, including backward castes and farmers.
(c) Anti-Incumbency: The Congress party, which had been in power for a substantial period since independence, faced increasing anti- incumbency sentiments. Dissatisfaction with the Congress government’s policies, issues of corruption, and lack of effective governance fueled the rise of non-Congress parties.
(d) Fragmentation of Opposition: Non-Congress parties, though united in their objective to challenge Congress dominance, were often fragmented and diverse in their ideologies and agendas. They formed coalitions and alliances to maximize their electoral strength and jointly contest against the Congress party.
The 1967 general elections marked a significant breakthrough for non-Congress parties. The Congress party, for the first time, lost its majority in several state assemblies, including Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Madras (now Tamil Nadu), and Bihar. The Congress’s diminished position at the state level had repercussions at the national level as well.
The rise of non-Congressism in 1967 had important implications for Indian politics:
(a) Coalition Politics: The success of non-Congress parties in forming coalitions and alliances to oust the Congress party laid the foundation for future coalition politics in India. It demonstrated the potential strength of united opposition forces against the dominant Congress party.
(b) Regionalism and Federalism: The emergence of regional parties and the success of non-Congress forces highlighted the significance of regional aspirations and the demand for more decentralization of power. It led to greater recognition and representation of regional interests in the national political discourse.
(c) Congress Decline and Political Pluralism: The weakening of the Congress party’s monopoly and the rise of non-Congress parties ushered in a more politically pluralistic landscape in India. It provided opportunities for diverse ideologies and regional concerns to find expression in the political arena.
The impact of non-Congressism in 1967 set the stage for subsequent political realignments and power shifts in Indian politics. It challenged the Congress party’s hegemony and paved the way for a more competitive and multipolar political landscape in the country.
2. Explain any six factors which were responsible for the split of the congress in 1969.
Ans: The formal split in the congress took place in 1969 on the issue of Presidential election, actually the factional rivalry between the Syndicate and Indira Gandhi came in the open in 1969 regarding the nomination of candidate for the President’s post.
Following are the six responsible factor for the split of the congress in 1969.
(i) In 1967 election, the congress party got power but with a reduced majority. Factionalism within the congress developed and congress lost power in many states.
(ii) A syndicate was formed within the congress party and began to influence the decision of Indira Gandhi.
(iii) Despite Mrs. Gandhi’s reservations the syndicate managed to nominate her long time opponent and then speaker of the Lok Shabha N. Sanjeeva Reddy, as the official congress for the ensuring presidential elections.
(iv) Indira Gandhi retaliated by encouraging the then vice president V.V. Giri to file his nomination as an independent candidate.
(v) During election, the then congress president S. Nijalingappa issued a ‘whip’ asking all the congress MPs and MLA’s to vote in favour of Sanjeeva Reddy.
(vi) On the other hand, after silently supporting V.V. Giri, the Prime Minister openly called for a conscience note to vote the way they want. And, the election ultimately resulted in the victory of V.V. Giri and of defeat of Sanjeeva Reddy. The defeat of the official congress candidate therefore formalised the split.
3. State which of these were reasons for the defeat of the Congress in 1967.
Give reasons for your answer:
(a) The absence of a charismatic leader in the congress party.
(b) Split within the congress party.
(c) Increased mobilisation of regional, ethnic and communal groups.
(d) Increasing unity among non-congress parties.
(e) Internal differences within the congress party.
Ans: The reasons for the defeat of the Congress Party were the increasing unity among non-congress parties and the internal differences within the congress party. But that time the parties opposed to the congress had realised that it was the division of their votes which was keeping the congress party in power. Thus, parties that were opposed in their programme and ideologies to the congress got together to form anti- congress fronts in some states and entered into electoral adjustments of sharing seats in others.
They also felt that the inexperience of the new Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the internal factionalism within the congress party provided them an opportunity to topple the congress. The socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia, gave this strategy the name of non- congressism. He also said that the congress rule was undemocratic and opposed to the interests of ordinary poor people. Thus, the coming together of non-congress parties was necessary for saving democracy in the country.
As a result of the above situation the congress was able to get a reduced majority (283 seats) in the Lok Sabha. But in state elections, congress lost majority in seven states. Besides in other two states, defections prevented it from forming the government. These nine states where the congress lost power were Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Madras (Tamil Nadu) and Kerala In Madras, DMK, a regional political party got an absolute majority on its own formed the government. In other states, coalition governments consisting of different non-congress parties were formed.
4. Why is the decade of sixties labelled as a ‘dangerous decade’?
Ans: The decade of sixties was labelled as a dangerous decade “be cause in the 1960’s the country faced several problems like poverty, inequality, communal and regional divisions etc. Indian democratic system faces many challenges and also integration of the country was in danger. After Nehru’s death it was feared whether new leadership would be able to manage democratic aspirations of the people. In this decade defection was quite prominent. Many MP’s and MLA’s tried to change their political party and join some other political party. The constant shifting of political loyalties in this period gave rise to the expression ‘Aya Ram Gaya Ram’. In the decade 1960’s India faced some grave economic situation like – failure of monsoons, widespread drought, decline of agricultural production, decline in food storage, depletion of foreign exchange reserve etc.
There was also split of the congress party because of internal differences between Indira Gandhi faction of the congress and syndicate faction. When the presidential election took place in 1969, then the two factions supported two different persons for the post of presidentship. The decade also experienced two wars between India and China in 1962 and India and Pakistan in 1965, In the first war, India was defeated whereas in the second military conflict India was winner.
5. List the two challenges faced by Indira Gandhi after the 1967 election. Mention her strategy towards the challenges.
Ans: The two challenges faced by Indira Gandhi after the 1967 election was given below:
(i) After the 1967 election Indira Gandhi face the challenge of defection in the making and unmaking of governments in the states. Defection means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he/she was elected and joins another party. After the 1967 general election, the breakaway congress legislators played an important role in installing non- congress governments in three states – Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The constant realignments and shifting political royalties in this period gave rise the expression “Aya Ram, Gaya Ram.”
(ii) The real challenge face by Indira Gandhi in this period not came from opposition but from within her own party. She had to deal with the ‘Syndicate’ a group of powerful and influential leaders from within the congress. The Syndicate had played a role in the installation of Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister by ensuring her election as the leader of the parliamentary party and they expected that Indira Gandhi follow their advise.
Thus, Indira Gandhi faced two challenges. She needed to build her independence from the Syndicate. She also needed to work towards regaining the ground that the congress had lost in the 1967 elections. She adopted a very bold strategy. She converted a simple power struggle into an ideological struggle. She launched a series of initiatives to give the. government policy a Left orientation and got the congress working committee to adopt a Ten point programme in May 1967. Slowly and carefully, she sidelined from the Syndicate and chose her trusted group of advisors from outside the party.
6. How was the Congress (O) different from Congress(R).
Ans: Congress (o) and Congress (R) are the two opposition political party within congress both are originated after the congress split in 1969. They are differ from each other like following manner.
(i) By November 1969, the congress group led by the Syndicate leader came to be referred to as the congress (O or organisation).
On the other hand the group led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi came to be called the congress (R or Requisitionists).
(ii) In the time of presidential election of 1969, the leaders of Congress (0) supported Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy as Presidential Candidate.
While Indira Gandhi and Congress (R) supported V.V. Giri as presidential candidate.
(iii) Congress (O) was conservative in nature. But congress (R) was a socialist type of political party.
(iv) Congress (O) was more concerned of the rich section of society.
While congress (R) was greatly concerned of poor section of people in the society.
In the 1971 Lok Sabha election Indira Gandhi’s congress (R) won 352 seats with about 44 percent of the popular votes on its own. Contrast this with the performance of the Congress (O) the party with so many stalwarts could get less than one fourth of the votes secured by Indira Gandhi’s party and win merely 16 seats. (v)
7. Briefly discuss the nature of New Congress (R) Party.
Ans: The new congress (R) party was the new creation of Mrs Indira Gandhi. This Indira Gandhi dominated party occupied a similar position in terms of its popularity as in the post. But it was a bit different kind of a part. It relied entirely on the popularity of the supreme leader. It has a some what weak organisational structure. This party accommodate all kinds of opinions and interests. While it won elections, it depended more on some social groups, the poor, the women, Dalits, Adivasis and the minorities. Thus, it is a new political party reinvented by Mrs. Indira Gandhi with its new character and nature.
8. In what ways Indira Gandhi re-invented her party Congress (R)?
Ans: In many ways Mrs. Indira Gandhi re-invented the party congress (R). Her re-invention are mention below:
(i) The party occupied a similar position in terms of its popularity as in the past. But it was a different kind of a party.
(ii) It relied entirely on the popularity of the supreme leader. It had a somewhat weak organisational structure.
(iii) This congress party did not have many fraction, thus it could not accommodate all kinds of opinion and interests.
(iv) While it won elections, it depended more on some social groups, the poor, the women, Dalits, Adivasis and the minorities.
This was a new congress that had emerged. Thus Indira Gandhi restored the congress system by changing the nature of the congress system itself.
9. Was the Congress split in 1969 avoidable? If the split had not taken place, how could it have influenced the course of events in the 1970s?
Ans: The split within the Indian National Congress in 1969 was a significant event in Indian politics and had far-reaching consequences. Whether the split was avoidable is a matter of debate, but there were underlying factors and tensions within the party that made it increasingly difficult to maintain unity.
The split in the Congress party occurred primarily due to ideological differences and personal ambitions of key leaders. The party had been in power for a considerable period since India’s independence in 1947, and there were disagreements over issues such as economic policies, land reforms, and the party’s leadership.
The split resulted in two factions: the Congress (O) led by Indira Gandhi, and the Congress (N) led by the then Senior Congress leader, Morarji Desai. Indira Gandhi’s faction represented a more populist and leftist approach, while Desai’s faction was aligned with more conservative and centrist positions.
If the split had not taken place, it could have had a significant impact on the course of events in the 1970s. Here are some possibilities:
(a) Political Stability: The split created a fragmented political landscape in India, leading to the formation of different political parties and alliances. If the Congress had remained united, it could have provided more stability to the political system, potentially reducing frequent changes in government.
(b) Policy Continuity: The split affected policy continuity as different factions pursued distinct policy approaches. A united Congress might have been better positioned to implement consistent policies and reforms without the disruptions caused by the split.
(c) Indira Gandhi’s Leadership: The split provided Indira Gandhi with an opportunity to assert her leadership and establish her own political identity. If the split had not occurred, it is possible that Indira Gandhi may have faced stronger opposition within the party, potentially affecting her political career and the direction of the Congress party.
(d) Role in the Emergency: The split played a significant role in shaping the events of the Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi from 1975 to 1977. The split had created factions within the party, and during the Emergency, Indira Gandhi relied on a close-knit group of loyalists, often referred to as the “Young Turks,” to consolidate power. A united Congress may have had a different internal dynamic, which could have influenced the decision-making during that period.
10. How did the Fourth General Elections (1967) in India change the dynamics of Indian politics?
Ans: The features of 4th general elections were:
(a) Context of the elections: The 4th general elections were fought in a very fragile political and economic environment. There was severe price rise of essential commodities, food scarcity, growing unemployment and the overall economic condition in the country. Bandhs and hartals were called frequently across the country. The government saw the protests as a law and order problem and not as expressions of people’s problems. This further increased public bitterness and reinforced popular unrest.
(b) Non-Congressism: The opposition parties of Congress came together to form anti-Congress fronts in the fourth general elections. This coming together of anti-Congress opposition parties is called the strategy of non-Congressism. Parties opposed to the Congress realised that the division of their votes kept the Congress in power. Thus, parties that were entirely different and disparate in their programmes and ideology got together to form anti-Congress fronts in some states and entered into electoral adjustment of sharing seats in others.
(c) Electoral Verdict: The electoral verdict of 1967 jolted the Congress Party. The Congress in 4th general elections was facing the electorate for the first time without Nehru. The Congress did manage to get a majority in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes since 1952. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated. The political stalwarts who lost in their constituencies included Kamraj in Tamil Nadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal and K. B. Sahay in Bihar.
(d) Coalition form of Government: The elections of 1967 brought into picture the phenomenon of coalitions. Since no single party had got majority, various non-Congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties. That is why these governments came to be described as Samyukta Vidhayak Dal governments. In most of these cases, the coalition partners were ideologically incongruent. The SVD government in Bihar, for instance, included the two socialist parties SSP and the PSP alongwith the CPI on the left and Jana Sangh on the right. In Punjab it was called the ‘Popular United Front’ and comprised the two rival Akali parties at that time – Sant Group and the Master group – with both the communist parties – CPI and the CPI(M), the SSP, the Republican Party and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
(e) Defection: Another feature of the politics after the 1967 election was the role played by defections in the making and unmaking of governments in the states. Defection means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he/she was elected and joins another party. After the 1967, general election, the breakaway Congress legislators played an important role in installing non-Congress governments in three states namely Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The constant realignments and shifting political loyalties in this period gave rise to the expressions ‘Aya Ram, Gaya Ram.’
11. What was the political context surrounding the presidential election of 1969-1971?
Ans: The political context surrounding the presidential election of 1969- 1971 in India was marked by internal divisions within the ruling Indian National Congress party and a growing power struggle between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her opponents within the party, known as the “Syndicate.”
At the heart of the political context was the leadership dispute within the Congress party. Indira Gandhi, who had become the Prime Minister in 1966, faced opposition from senior party leaders who formed the Syndicate. The Syndicate comprised prominent Congress leaders such as Morarji Desai, S. Nijalingappa, K. Kamaraj, and others, who were critical of Indira Gandhi’s leadership style and policies.
The Syndicate sought to assert its influence and control over the party by opposing Indira Gandhi’s decision-making and advocating for a more collective leadership approach. They supported Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as their candidate in the presidential election, viewing it as an opportunity to challenge Indira Gandhi’s authority and regain control within the party. Indira Gandhi, on the other hand, sought to consolidate her power and assert her independent decision-making authority. She resisted the Syndicate’s influence and favored V.V. Giri, who was a prominent leader within the Congress party but had a strained relationship with the Syndicate leaders.
The political context surrounding the presidential election became highly polarized and intense. The split within the Congress party deepened, with both factions engaged in political maneuvering, lobbying for support, and attempts to secure votes from party members and other political entities. The election process was marked by legal battles, allegations of horse- trading, and shifting political alliances. It witnessed significant political tensions and a struggle for power within the Congress party, which had a profound impact on Indian politics and the subsequent course of events.
12. How was the president elected in India during 1969-1971?
Ans: During the period of 1969-1971, the President of India was elected through an Electoral College system. The Electoral College comprised members from both houses of Parliament, namely the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), as well as members from the State Legislative Assemblies.
The election process followed the guidelines laid out in the Constitution of India and the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952.
Here are the key aspects of the election process:
(a) Composition of the Electoral College: The Electoral College consisted of Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of the State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs). Each member had a specific number of votes based on the population of the respective states they represented.
(b) Voting Method: The election was conducted through a secret ballot system. Members of the Electoral College cast their votes by marking their preference on the ballot paper.
(c) Value of Votes: The value of votes was determined based on a formula specified in the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952. The votes of MPs and MLAs had different weightage, with MPs having a higher value compared to MLAs.
(d) Scrutiny and Counting of Votes: After the voting process, the ballot papers were scrutinized and counted to determine the total votes received by each candidate.
(e) Declaration of Results: The candidate who secured a majority of the valid votes cast by the members of the Electoral College was declared the winner. The Chief Election Commissioner of India officially announced the results.
13. What was the significance of the Presidential election held in 1969-1971?
Ans: The presidential election held in 1969-1971 in India was significant for several reasons:
(a) Political Turmoil: The election took place during a period of intense political turmoil in India. It marked a deep divide within the ruling Indian National Congress party, with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi facing opposition from a faction known as the Syndicate. The election became a battleground for power struggles within the party.
(b) Indira Gandhi’s Leadership: The election was a direct, confrontation between Indira Gandhi and her opponents within the Congress party. Indira Gandhi sought to assert her independent decision- making authority and consolidate her power. The election outcome had far-reaching implications for her leadership and the direction of the Congress party.
(c) Factionalism and Party Divisions: The election exposed deep factionalism and divisions within the Indian National Congress party. The Syndicate, comprising senior Congress leaders, opposed Indira Gandhi’s leadership style and policies. The election became a platform for these factions to assert their influence and challenge each other.
(d) Emergence of Opposition Strength: The election witnessed the coming together of opposition parties to support a common candidate, V.V. Giri. This demonstrated the growing strength and unity of the opposition against the ruling Congress party. It signaled a shift in the political landscape, with the opposition parties emerging as a viable alternative to the Congress.
(e) Constitutional Amendments: The election prompted significant constitutional amendments. The government led by Indira Gandhi introduced the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, which sought to nullify Supreme Court decision that curtailed the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution. This amendment was seen as an attempt to secure legislative authority and consolidate power.
14. Why was the presidential election of 1969-1971 considered controversial?
Ans: The presidential election of 1969-1971 in India was considered controversial due to several factors:
(a) Split within the Congress Party: The election took place during 1 significant split within the ruling Indian National Congress party. The party was divided into two factions: one led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the other known as the Syndicate, consisting of senior party leaders. The split created deep divisions and intense rivalries, leading to a contentious election process.
(b) Allegations of Horse-Trading: The election witnessed allegations of horse-trading, where political parties and factions sought to secure votes by offering incentives or engaging in unethical practices. There were reports of attempts to lure or influence lawmakers to vote in favor of particular candidates, which further added to the controversy surrounding the election.
(c) Legal Battles and Court Interventions: The election was narrated by legal battles and court interventions. Various legal challenges were filed, questioning the validity of the nomination process and the voting procedures. The courts played a significant role in determining the legality af certain aspects of the election, contributing to the controversy and uncertainty surrounding the process.
(d) Political Maneuvering and Realignment: The election witnessed intense political maneuvering and realignment of alliances. Various political parties and factions formed alliances, switched loyalties, or aligned with opposition groups to maximize their chances of securing votes. The shifting alliances and negotiations added to the complexity and controversy surrounding the election.
(e) High-Stakes Power Struggle: The election was not merely about choosing a president but was viewed as a high-stakes power struggle Between Indira Gandhi and her opponents within the Congress party.
The battle for control and authority within the party escalated tensions and contributed to the controversy surrounding the election.
15. What were the implications of V.V. Giri’s victory in the election?
Ans: V.V. Giri’s victory in the presidential election of 1969 had significant implications for Indian politics and the power dynamics within the country.
Here are some of the key implications of V.V. Giri’s victory:
(a) Weakening of Indira Gandhi’s Authority: V.V. Giri’s victory dealt a blow to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s authority within the ruling Indian National Congress party. The election exposed the divisions within the party and signaled a challenge to her leadership. It weakened her position and forced her to reevaluate her political strategies.
(b) Emergence of Opposition Strength: V.V. Giri’s victory
demonstrated the growing strength and unity of the opposition parties. The election saw a coalition of opposition parties supporting Giri’s candidature. This marked a turning point in Indian politics, as it showcased the opposition’s ability to challenge the dominance of the ruling party and form effective alliances.
(c) Increased Fragmentation of Congress Party: The split within the Congress party deepened with V.V. Giri’s victory. The party witnessed further fragmentation, as factions loyal to Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate clashed. The victory highlighted the internal divisions within the Congress, paving the way for a more diverse political landscape and the emergence of alternative power centers.
(d) Shift in Power Dynamics: V.V. Giri’s victory marked a shift in power dynamics within the country. It challenged the notion of the ruling party’s invincibility and set the stage for a more competitive political environment. The opposition gained confidence and momentum, leading to subsequent electoral challenges and realignment of political forces.
(e) Consolidation of Non-Congress Forces: V.V. Giri’s victory played a role in consolidating non-Congress political forces. The opposition parties that supported Giri’s candidature found common ground and recognized the need for unity to counter the ruling party’s dominance. This paved the way for future collaborations and alliances among opposition parties in their quest to challenge the Congress.
16. What measures were taken to restore stability after the presidential election?
Ans: After the presidential election of 1969-1971, several measures were taken to restore stability in India. The government led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi implemented various strategies to regain control within the ruling Indian National Congress party and address the political challenges that arose from the election.
Here are some of the key measures taken:
(a) Constitutional Amendments: The government introduced the 24th Amendment to the Constitution of India in 1971. This amendment aimed to nullify the Supreme Court’s decision in the Golaknath case, which limited the Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. The amendment restored the Parliament’s authority to amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights, through legislation.
(b) Realignment of Political Alliances: The election revealed political realignments and shifts in alliances. To restore stability, Indira Gandhi made efforts to reestablish alliances and strengthen her support base. She forged new alliances with regional parties and worked towards consolidating her position within the Congress party.
(c) Reorganization of the Congress Party: The election and its aftermath led to a reorganization of the Congress party. Indira Gandhi made strategic changes within the party, replacing key figures and loyalists of the Syndicate with her own supporters. This helped her consolidate her authority and weaken opposition within the party.
(d) Focus on Populist Policies: To regain popular support and stabilize her position, Indira Gandhi implemented several populist policies. These policies were aimed at addressing socioeconomic issues, reducing poverty, and appealing to the masses. Initiatives such as nationalization of banks and the implementation of the Garibi Hatao (Eradicate Poverty) program were introduced to strengthen her political base.
(e) Reassertion of Executive Authority: Indira Gandhi took measures to reassert the authority of the executive branch of the government. This included centralizing decision-making, reducing the influence of the Syndicate, and concentrating power in her hands. It allowed her to maintain control and implement policies without significant interference from opposing factions.
17. How did the presidential election of 1969-1971 influence subsequent elections in India?
Ans: The presidential election of 1969-1971 had a profound influence on subsequent elections in India.
Here are some ways in which the election shaped the political landscape and influenced future electoral dynamics:
(a) Emergence of Coalition Politics: The election highlighted the potential of opposition parties coming together to challenge the ruling party. The coalition that supported V.V. Giri’s candidature showcased the power of united opposition against the Indian National Congress. This laid the foundation for the emergence of coalition politics in India, where multiple parties formed alliances to collectively contest elections.
(b) Fragmentation of Congress Party: The election deepened the existing divisions within the Congress party, leading to further fragmentation. The split between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate resulted in the formation of rival factions and power centers within the party. Subsequent elections witnessed a weakened Congress party and the rise of regional parties as formidable political forces.
(c) Multi-Party System: The presidential election played a crucial role in the shift towards a multi-party system in India. The emergence of opposition unity and the success of non-Congress forces in challenging the ruling party paved the way for the diversification of the political landscape. Subsequent elections saw the rise of regional parties and the formation of alliances among them to counter the Congress’s dominance.
(d) Regional Political Forces: The presidential election marked the growing influence of regional political parties. The success of opposition candidates supported by regional parties highlighted the significance of regional interests and the need for their representation in national politics. This led to the rise of regional parties with strong regional bases, which played pivotal roles in subsequent elections.
(e) Coalition Governments: The presidential election’s impact on opposition unity and the rise of coalition politics set the stage for future coalition governments at the national level. Subsequent elections often resulted in hung parliaments, where no single party obtained a clear majority. This necessitated the formation of alliances and coalition governments comprising multiple parties.
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