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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 The Crisis Of Democratic Order
AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Unit 6 The Crisis Of Democratic Order Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Political Science Chapter 6 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Part 2 In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT,AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Part 2 Chapter 6.
Unit 6 The Crisis Of Democratic Order
A. Very Short Types Question & Answers.
1. To which state did Jayaprakash Narayan belong.
Ans: Jayaprakash Narayan belong to Bihar.
2. Who founded the Communist party of India (Marxist- leninist)?
Ans: Communist Party of India (Marxist Lennist) was founded by Charu Majumdar.
3. When was emergency declared in India for the first time?
Ans: In India the emergency was declared for the first time on 25th June 1975.
4. Mention any one subject included in the twenty point programmes made by Indira Gandhi.
Ans: Land Reforms can be mentioned as one subject included in the twenty point programmes made by Indira Gandhi.
5. When did the Janata Government came to power?
Ans: After 1977’s General Elections the Janata Government came to the power.
6. Which party won the general election in 1977.
Ans: The Janata Party won the general election in 1977.
7. Who introduced the concept of ‘Committed Bureaucracy and judiciary’ in India?
Ans: Mrs. Indira Gandhi introduced the concept of “Committed Bureaucracy and Judiciary” in India.
8. Name the Indian President who proclaimed Emergency in 1975?
Ans: Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was the Indian President who proclaimed Emergency in 1975.
9. Who became the symbol of restoration of democracy?
Ans: The leader of Janata Party, Jayaprakash Narayan became the symbol of restoration of democracy.
10. Who was Charu Majumdar?
Ans: Charu Majumdar was the founder of communist party (Marxist Lennist) (C.P.I. – M.L.)
11. Find out the correct word:
(a) In the elections of 1971, (Congress/Janata) had given the slogan of ‘garibi hatao’.
Ans: In the election of 1971, Congress had given the slogan of ‘garibi hatao’.
(b) In (1966/1967) a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills.
Ans: In 1967a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills.
(c) According to Article No. (352/356), emergency was declared in India in 1975.
Ans: According to Article No. 352, emergency was declared in India in 1975.
(d) (Morarji Desai/Charan Singh) became the Prime Minister of the Janata Party Government after the 1977 election.
Ans: Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of the Janata Party Government after the 1977 election.
(e) In 1974, the Railway strike was led by (Jayaprakash Narayan/ George Fernandes).
Ans: In 1974, the Railway strike was led by George Fernandes.
(f) The Shah Commission was appointed in (1975/1977/1980).
Ans: The Shah Commission was appointed in 1977.
(g) Naxalite Movement was started in (1967/1969/1974).
Ans: Naxalite Movement was started in 1969.
(h) ‘Indira is India, India is Indira’ a slogan given by (Charan Singh/Jagjivan Ram/Devokanta Baruah)
Ans: ‘Indira is India, India is Indira’ a slogan given by Devokanta Baruah.
(i) The call for “Total Revolution’ was given by (Morarji Desai/ George Fernandes/Jagjivan Ram).
Ans: The call for “Total Revolution’ was given by Morarji Desai.
12. In which state Nav-Nirman movement was started?
Ans: Gujarat.
13. Write the name of any, one Civil liberties organisation?
Ans: National Coordination Committee for Railwaymen’s struggle.
14. In which year ‘Grand Alliance’ was formed?
Ans: 1971.
15. In which year Janata Party was formed?
Ans: 1977.
16. Who was the first President of Janata Party?
Ans: Jayprakash Narayan.
17. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Morarji Desai was the first Prime Minister belong to ______ party.
Ans: Non-Congress Party.
(b) In May 1977, The Janata Party government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by ______.
Ans: Shah Commission of Inquiry.
(c) The opposition political parties led ______ by Smt Indira Gandhi’s resignation. demanded for
Ans: Jayprakash Narayan.
18. Mention the main reason for the defeat of Congress party in the elections 1977.
Ans: The opposition party adopted the slogan ‘Save democracy’ against the imposition of emergency.
19. In which year fifth general elections to Lok Sabha held?
Ans: 1971.
20. Name the political party which came to power at centre in 1977.
Ans: Janata Party.
21. In January 1974, Students of Gujarat started an agitation against which two major problems?
Ans: (a) Rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities.
(b) Corruption in high places.
22. Who was Charu Majumdar?
Ans: Charu Majumdar was a communist revolutionary and the leader of Naxalbari uprising. He founded the Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist).
23. Name the president who proclaimed emergency in 1975 in India.
Ans: President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed at midnight on 25th June 1975.
24. Who introduced Twenty Point Programme and Why?
Ans: Congress government led by Indira Gandhi introduced Twenty Point Programme’ to maintain law and order and to restored efficiency including land reforms, eradication of bonded labour, land redistribution, workers participation in management etc.
25. Who became the symbol of restoration of democracy?
Ans: Jayaprakash Narayan, leader of Janata Party.
26. What was the controversy regarding the appointment of the chief justice A.N. Ray in 1973?
Ans: It became political controversial because in this appointment the government set aside the seniority of three judges who had given ruling against the stand of government.
27. Why did Congress win in Southern states?
Ans: (a) The impact of emergency was not felt equally in all the states.
(b) The forced relocation and displacements, the forced sterilisations were mostly concentrated in the northern states.
28. What do you mean by Preventive Detention?
Ans: In Preventive Detention Act, people are arrested and detained on the apprehension to commit any offence in future and government made large scale arrests under this during emergency.
B. Short Type Questions & Answers:
1. Who introduced Twenty Point Programme and why?
Ans: The Congress government led by Mrs Indira Gandhi introduced the Twenty Point Programme to bring law and order and store efficiency.
2. List any two reasons for the victory of Congress in Southern States.
Ans: The two reasons for the victory of congress in Southern States are like:
(i) In the Southern states of India the impact of emergency was very law, so the congress gets victory.
(ii) The forced relocation and displacement, the forced sterilisation were mostly concentrated in the northern states, so the southern states were favoured to congress party.
3. Who organised the first nationwide Satyagraha and why?
Ans: The first nationwide satyagraha was organised by nationwide Jayaprakash Narayan for the resignation of Mrs. Indira Gandhi and appeared to people not to obey illegal and immoral orders.
4. What do you mean by basic structure of the constitution?
Ans: Basic structure of the constitution means certain basic features of the constitution of India, which can’t be altered in exercise of the power to amend it under Act 368. If therefore a constitutional Amendment seeks to alter the basic structure of the constitution the court would be entitled to amend it on the ground of ultra vires.
5. Write two important characteristics of ‘Committed Bureaucracy’ of India.
Ans: (i) Committed to the ideology of ruling class.
(ii) Committed to the programme and planning formulated by ruling political party.
6. Why and on what ground emergency was declared by the congress government?
Ans: The congress government declared an emergency in response to Jayaprakash Narayan’s nationwide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi, observing the situation the government decided that a gave crisis had arisen which made the proclamation of a state of emergency necessary. Thus, on 25th June 1975, the government declared that there was threat of internal disturbances and therefore, it involved Article 352 of the constitution under which emergency can be declared.
7. Why USA stopped all aid to India? Give two reasons.
Ans: USA Stopped all aids to India because of the two reasons:
(i) Indira Gandhi’s emergency was staunchly criticized by USA and as a strong reaction the president of USA stopped all forms of help.
(ii) In 1975, Mrs. Indira Gandhi accused USA of conspiring against India and joining hands with opposition leaders and parties of India. This was strongly reacted by USA and as a consequence ceased to give aid to India.
8. Write the effects of emergency on working of the police and bureaucracy.
Ans: The effect of emergency on working of the police and bureaucracy are as follows:
(i) The police and the bureaucracy (administration) could not function independently, they turned into political instrument of ruling party.
(ii) According to Shah commission report administration and police become valuable to political pressures.
9. What do you mean by Press Censorship?
Ans: Press consortship means during emergency, the government using its special powers suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all materials to be published. That is what press censorship refers to.
10. Why did non-congress parties oppose the congress?
Ans: The non-congress parties opposed the congress on following ground:
(i) Congress during emergency time, misused its powers and did various anti human activities like torture and custodial deaths occurred in this time.
(ii) Arrests of political workers and the restrictions on the press was compulsory by the congress government in this time.
11. List the new parties formed on the eve of election of 1977.
Ans: The new parties formed on the eve of election of 1977 are – Janata Party, Congress for Democracy.
12. Explain any two outcomes of Lok Sabha elections of 1972, 2016
Ans: The two outcomes of Lok Sabha election of 1972 are as follows:
(i) Indira Gandhi’s new congress after the split in 1969, won the 1971 election. The 1971 elections were a clean sweep for congress with this the congress party led by Indira Gandhi established its claim to being the ‘real’ congress and restored to it the dominant position in Indian politics.
(ii) The Grand Alliance of the opposition proved a grand failure in 1971 election. Their combined tally of seats was less than 40. The congress (0) got only 16 seats with 10% votes in the fifth general election although it launched a campaign to remove Indira.
13. What is Civil Liberties’ Organisation?
Ans: Civil liberties organization are organization for the protection of civil liberties of common people.
14. Name the new parties formed on the eve of election of 19772
Ans: The new political parties which were formed on the eve of election of 1977:
(i) Janata Party.
(ii) Congress for democracy.
15. What were the causes responsible for the formation of Janata Party?
Ans: Due to misrule of Congress and emergency rule are factors responsible for the formation of Janata Party.
16. Write two main provisions of 42nd constitution Amendment Act.
Ans: Two main provisions of 42nd constitution amendment act: (i) added new words in the Preamble. (ii) added a list of fundamental duties by the citizens.
17. What factors led to crisis of democratic order in Indian Politics?
Ans: The factors that led to crisis of democratic order in Indian Politics are:
(a) Emergence of Indira Gandhi with a lot of popularity.
(b) Party competitions had been created.
(c) Relation between the government and judiciary had become tense.
18. Mention the factors which led Naxalite movement in backward states.
Ans: The factors which led Naxalite movement in backward states are:
(a) Forced labour
(b) Exploitation by moneylenders
(c) Exploitation of resources by outsiders.
19. What were the reasons which led to the midterm election in 1980?
Ans: The Janata party lacked direction, leadership, and a common programme. The Janata party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by the congress. The Janata party spilt and the government which was led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months. Another government headed by Charan Singh was formed on the assurance of the support of the congress party. But the congress party later decided to withdraw its support with the result that the Charan Singh government could remain in power for just about four months. First Lok Sabha elections were held in January 1980 in which the Janata Party suffered a comprehensive defeat, especially in North India where it had swept the polls in 1977. Congress party led by Indira Gandhi nearly repeated its great victory in 1971. It won 353 seats and came back to power. At the end we reach on this conclusion that Janata Party formulated its government first time but it did not take the complete term due to the internal succession of the party leaders and members.
20. How did the Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen? Give example.
Ans: The Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen a lot like the following ways:
(i) In the time of Emergency, the government made extensive uses of Preventive Detention Act which made large scale arrests of political leaders and civilians.
(ii) Arrested political workers could not challenge their arrests through Habeas corpus petition.
(iii) Torture and custodial deaths occurred during the emergency, and no one can oppose against it through court.
(iv) Right to speak was abolished and the media needed to take permission from the government for publishing any report.
21. What is meant by Emergency? Write any one effect of the declaration of emergency due to internal disturbance.
Ans: Emergency is an extraordinary condition in which normal democratic politics can’t function, and special powers are granted to the government once an emergency is proclaimed, the federal distribution of powers remains practically suspended and all the powers are concentrated in the hands of the Union government.
When there is declare any emergency due to internal disturbance the government get the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the fundamental rights of Indian constitution.
22. Who introduced Twenty Point Programme and why?
Ans: The congress government led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi introduced the twenty point programme. Through this programme the government try to gave a notification that they wanted to use the emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and above all, implement the pre-poor welfare programmes. The twenty point programme included land reforms, land redistribution, review of agricultural wages, worker’s participation in management, eradication of bonded labour etc. are for common welfare.
23. On whose petition Indira Gandhi’s election was declared invalid by the court?
Ans: On an election petition of Raj Narayan, a socialist leader and a candidate who had contested against Indira Gandhi in 1971, the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi’s election to Lok Sabha invalid.
24. Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics-justify.
Ans: Emergency is one of the most controversial episode of Indian politics we can justify this statement by mentioning following reason as like:
(i) There were different view points about the necessary to declare emergency. Some proposed it and some opposed it.
(ii) During the emergency, all or any of the fundamental rights of our constitution were curtail or restrict.
(iii) It create an extra ordinary situation in the country, where normal democratic politics can’t function properly.
(iv) Inability of the government to fulfill the promises made by it at the initial stage of emergency period.
25. What were the different expectations of different sections of society from emergency.
Ans: From emergency different sections of society had different expectations.
The different sections of people’s expectations can be stated like as:
(i) In the initial months after the declaration of emergency, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end and discipline was enforced on the government employees.
(ii) The poor and rural people expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes that the government was promising.
(iii) It was also expected that the agricultural sector will be developed and farmers will be benefited through measures like land reforms, land redistribution, review of agricultural wages etc.
26. Write the various reasons which led to the defeat of the Congress in the 1977 election?
Ans: The reasons which are responsible for the defeat of Congress in the 1977 elections are:
(i) The opposition political party leaders were put in jail.
(ii) Freedom of the press was suspended.
(iii) Fundamental Rights of the citizens of India were suspended.
27. What reasons did the government. Give for declaring National emergency in 1975?
Ans: The government declared an emergency in response to Jayprakash Narayan’s nation wide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi. The government felt that a gave crisis arised which made the proclamation of a state emergency necessary.
28. Write a short note on Gujarat Movement?
Ans: Gujarat movements was students movement against the misrule of Congress government. There was price rise, food crisis, unemployment and corruption which created dissatisfaction among the common people in general and the students in particular. Morarji Desai played an active role in Gujarat Movement.
29. Analyse the conflict between the Judiciary and Parliament of India in 1973?
Ans: In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and Vice-President could not be challenged in the judiciary. The 42nd amendment of Constitution of India passed during emergency also brought many changes in the constitution like duration of the legislature, election can be postponed by one years during an emergency.
C. Long Type Questions & Answers:
1. Analyse any six consequences of the emergency declared on 25th June, 1975.
Ans: The following are the consequences of emergency:
(i) Curtailment of Rights: During the emergency, the government gets the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the Fundamental Rights incorporated in Indian constitution.
(ii) Use of Preventive Détention: The government made extensive use of preventive detention laws during emergency. Under this provision, people are arrested and detained not because they have committed any offence, but on the apprehension that they may commit an offence.
(iii) Return of Awards: Many recipient of civilian awards were returned to central government as a mark of protest towards emergency. People who received Bharat Ratna, Padma Shri, Padma Bhusan, Padma Bibhusan, returned the award to show their grievance towards the law composed by Indira Gandhi.
(iv) Centralised Administration: As soon as emergency was proclaimed the whole administration came under central government. This structure is followed as a part of constitutional provision. According to Indian constitution when any sort of emergency is proclaimed the whole of India transforms into centralised federation.
(v) Communal Organisations Banned: All Hindu and Muslim communal organisations during emergency were banned to maintain communal harmony in the society. Some of such communal organisations were RSS, Jamaat-e-Islami etc.
(vi) Central Amendments: Several constitutional amendments were carried out during emergency. Indira Gandhi increased the tenure of Lok Sabha, diverted the authority of the Supreme Court regarding election of president, vice president, prime minister and speaker of Lok Sabha.
2. What were the reasons which led to the midterm election in 1980.
Ans: The Janata party lacked direction, leadership, and a common programme. The Janata party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by the congress. The Janata party spilt and the government which was led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months. Another government headed by Charan Singh was formed on the assurance of the support of the congress party. But the congress party later decided to withdraw its support with the result that the Charan Singh government could remain in power for just about four months.
Fresh Lok Sabha elections were held in January 1980 in which the Janata Party suffered a comprehensive defeat, especially in North India where it had swept the polls in 1977. Congress party led by Indira Gandhi nearly repeated its great victory in 1971. It won 353 seats and came back to power. At the end, we reach on this conclusion that Janata Party formulated its government first time but it did not take the complete term due to the internal succession of the party leaders and members.
3. What was Shah Commission of inquiry? How did government react to it? “
Ans: The Shah Commission of Inquiry, officially known as the Commission of Inquiry into the excesses committed during the Emergency (1975-1977), was established in India in 1977. It was set up by the newly elected Janata Party government, led by Prime Minister Morarji Desai, to investigate the excesses and human rights violations committed during the period of the Emergency, which was declared by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
The Shah Commission, headed by Justice J.C. Shah, was tasked with examining the actions taken by the government and its agencies during the Emergency, including the suspension of civil liberties, censorship of the media, forced sterilizations, custodial tortures, and other abuses of power. The commission had the authority to summon witnesses, gather evidence, and make recommendations for legal actions against those found responsible for the excesses.
The government’s reaction to the Shah Commission was one of acknowledgment and support for the inquiry. The Janata Party, which came to power after the Emergency, had strongly opposed the authoritarian measures taken during that period. The establishment of the Shah Commission was seen as a step towards uncovering the truth, holding the guilty accountable, and restoring democratic values in the country.
The government provided the Shah Commission with necessary resources, administrative support, and access to relevant documents and witnesses. The commission held public hearings, conducted investigations, and recorded testimonies from various individuals, including political leaders, government officials, and victims of the Emergency.
The findings of the Shah Commission were published in its report, commonly known as the “Shah Commission Report.” The report highlighted numerous instances of abuse of power, human rights violations, and constitutional violations during the Emergency. It named several individuals including high-ranking government officials, as responsible for these actions.
The government reacted to the findings by initiating legal actions against those implicated in the report. Several cases were filed, including charges of corruption, misuse of power, and violation of civil liberties. These legal proceedings aimed to hold accountable those found guilty of committing excesses during the Emergency.
The Shah Commission and its report played a significant role in exposing the violations that occurred during the Emergency and ensuring that those responsible were held accountable. It served as a critical tool for the restoration of democracy and the promotion of transparency and justice in post-Emergency India.
4. Mention circumstances to be characterised for imposition of emergency?
Ans: The imposition of emergency in a country is a serious step that curtails fundamental rights and grants expanded powers to the government. Different countries have their own constitutional provisions outlining the circumstances under which an emergency can be imposed. In the case of India, the circumstances to be characterized for the imposition of emergency are defined in Article 352 of the Indian Constitution. According to Article 352, an emergency can be imposed if the President of India is satisfied that there are:
(a) External Aggression: The President must be satisfied that the
country is facing an external aggression or a threat of external aggression, whether actual or imminent. This refers to a situation where the territorial integrity or security of the nation is under significant threat from external forces.
(b) Armed Rebellion: The President must be satisfied that there is an armed rebellion or an imminent threat of an armed rebellion within the country. This refers to a situation where there is a violent uprising or insurgency challenging the authority of the government.
These two circumstances, external aggression and armed rebellion, are the primary grounds for the imposition of emergency in India. It is important to note that the satisfaction of the President is a crucial factor, and the decision to impose emergency rests with the President, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
Once an emergency is imposed, the government gains expanded powers to deal with the situation. Fundamental rights can be suspended or limited, and the central government assumes a greater degree of control over the states. The imposition of emergency is an exceptional measure, and it is intended to be used sparingly and in extreme situations to protect the security and integrity of the nation.
5. The Shah Commission was appointed in 1977 by the Janata Government. Why was it appointed and what were its findings?
Ans: When Janata party came into power after the 1977, elections, the government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by Justice J.C. Shah, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India, to inquire into several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of the emergency proclaimed in June 1975. The Commission examined various kinds of evidences and called many witnesses to give testimonies. They even called Indira Gandhi who appeared before the commission but refused to answer any questions.
The Shah Commission estimated that nearly one lakh eleven thousand persons were arrested and put in jails. Several restrictions were put on the press. The Report mentions that the General Manager of the Delhi power supply corporation received verbal orders from the office of the Lt. Governor of Delhi to cut electricity to all newspaper presses at 2 a.m. on 26th June, 1975. Electricity was restored two to three days later after the censorship machinery had been set up. During that period the role of Sanjay Gandhi, Prime Minister Indira gandhi’s son in demolition and forced sterilization in Delhi also became very controversial. The government of India accepted the findings, observations and recommendations contained in its report and placed them in the two houses of parliament.
6. The 1977 elections for the first time saw the opposition coming into power at the centre. What would you consider as the reasons for this development?
Ans: In the election of 1977, both the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies the congress party lost its dominance. Not only it lost dominance, it got a crushing defeat at the hands of the newly emerged Janata party. The following highlighting causes were responsible for the defeat of the congress or the victory of the Janata Party in the 1977 election.
For the first time in the history of force india, internal emergency was imposed by Mrs. Indira Gandhi. Immediately after the imposition of emergency the imposition of emergency, the leaders of all the opposition parties including J.P. Narayan were thrown behind the bars. The real motive behind the declaration of emergency was personal. Mrs Indin Gandhi wants to stick to the “kursi” of the Prime Minister.
Basic libertie of the people were suppressed. No individual or party could utter word against the imposition of emergency or the excess committed by the government. During emergency Sanjay Gandhi appeared as the extra constitutional centre of power. It was he who controlled the administration of India. During emergency, various black acts were passed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government The people suspected of anything against the government could be corrected and thrown behind the bars without any trial under the MISA The life, liberty, respect and property of no person was considered safe Indira government lowered the position of the Judiciary through the 42nd amendment. In fact, Judiciary was subordinated to the executive.
The scope of Judicial review was limited to a great extent. At the instance of Sanjay Gandhi, various states particularly Haryana resorted to compulsory sterilization. Buses were stopped and sent to hospital for sterilization of the passengers. The condition of the people of India had become very pitiable due to the continuous rise in prices. People were very sore with the Congress government abolished bonus to the employee of public sector during emergency. As such they were very sore with the Congress government. J.P. Narayan emerged as a leader of Indian unrest. He was the most respected leader after Nehru. People came to realize that they can fall back on J.P. Narayan after dislodging the Congress from power. Emergency and the measures adopted during emergency by the Congress government were responsible for the defeat of the congress party in 1977’s election.
7. Write a note on the politics after emergency?
Ans: The period following the Emergency (1975-1977) in India witnessed significant political developments and changes. The Emergency, declared by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, had a profound impact on the political landscape of the country. After its withdrawal, several key events and factors shaped the politics of India.
Here is a note on the politics after the Emergency:
(a) Rise of Opposition Unity: The Emergency had led to a consolidation of power in the hands of the ruling Indian National Congress and curtailed the functioning of opposition parties. However, the period after the Emergency saw the emergence of a united opposition. The Janata Party, formed by a coalition of various anti-Congress forces, came to power in the 1977 general elections. This marked a significant shift in the political dynamics and showcased the strength of opposition unity.
(b) Restoration of Democracy and Civil Liberties: The Emergency was criticized for its authoritarian measures, including the suspension of civil liberties, media censorship, and curtailment of fundamental rights. The post-Emergency period was characterized by efforts to restore democratic values and safeguard civil liberties. Steps were taken to Strengthen democratic institutions, protect freedom of expression, and uphold the rule of law.
(c) Electoral Reforms and Anti-Defection Law: The period after of the Emergency witnessed significant electoral reforms aimed at ensuring free and fair elections. The Representation of the People Act was amended to introduce stricter regulations on campaign spending and disclosure of assets by candidates. Additionally, the Anti-Defection Law was enacted to curb political defections and promote stable governments.
(d) Fragmentation of Political Parties: The post-Emergency era also witnessed the fragmentation of political parties. The Indian National Congress, which had dominated Indian politics for decades, experienced internal divisions and splits. This led to the formation of various factions and regional parties, further diversifying the political landscape.
(e) Return of Indira Gandhi: Despite the defeat of the Congress party in the 1977 elections, Indira Gandhi made a political comeback in subsequent years. She managed to rebuild her political base and regained power as Prime Minister in 1980. Her return signaled a shift in the political dynamics and set the stage for the resurgence of the Congress party.
8. Write the factors that led to the declaration of Internal Emergency in India on June 25, 1975?
Ans: The declaration of Internal Emergency in India on June 25, 1975, was a significant event that had far-reaching consequences for the country. The decision to impose Emergency was made by then Prime Minister indira Gandhi, citing a range of factors that she believed threatened the stability and security of the nation.
Here are the key factors that led to the declaration of Internal Emergency:
(a) Political Turmoil and Opposition Protests: In the early 1970s, indira Gandhi’s government faced political challenges and opposition protests. The opposition parties, led by Jayaprakash Narayan, launched a mass movement called the “JP Movement” against corruption and the erosion of democratic values. The protests gained significant momentum and posed a threat to the stability of the government.
(b) Legal Challenges and Court Verdicts: The government faced several legal challenges and court verdicts that were unfavorable to it. In particular, the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi’s election to Parliament in 1971 invalid, citing electoral malpractices. This ruling posed a significant legal and political threat to the Prime Minister and her government.
(c) Threats to National Security: The government cited threats to national security as a reason for the declaration of Emergency. It argued hat internal disturbances and communal tensions in certain parts of the country posed a grave danger to public order and the security of the nation.
(d) Economic Instability: India was facing economic challenges, including high inflation, unemployment, and food shortages. The government justified the imposition of Emergency as a necessary measure to address these economic issues and restore stability.
(e) Preservation of Unity and Integrity: The government claimed that the imposition of Emergency was necessary to preserve the unity and integrity of the country. It argued that the political unrest, opposition protests, and court verdicts were undermining the government’s ability to govern effectively and maintain national cohesion.
9. Critically examine what happened during emergency.
Ans: The actual implementation of the Emergency is another contentious issue. It raised several questions like if the government misuse its emergency powers and where there excesses and abuse of authority.
The various events that took place during emergency are like:
(i) The government said that it wanted to use the Emergency to bring aw and order, restore efficiency and above all, implement the pro-poor welfare programmes. For this purpose Mrs. Indira Gandhi announced a twenty point programme and declared its determination to implement this programme.
(ii) Different sections of society had different expectations from the emergency and also different view point about it with the declaration of Emergency, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact hat agitations came to an end and discipline was enforced on the government employees. The poor and rural people also expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes that the government was promising.
(iii) Critics of Emergency point out that most of these promises by the Government remained unfulfilled, that these were simply meant to divert attention from the excesses that were taking place.
There were other and more serious allegations regarding the exercise governmental power by people who held no official position. Sanjay gandhi, the Prime Minister’s younger son did not hold any official position at he gained control over the administration and interfered in the functioning of the government.
10. List the issues which did not vanish even after the emergency.
Ans: Though emergency was declared but some issues are not vanish from the country even after the situation.
The issues are mentioned below:
(i) The tension between routine functioning of a democratic government and the continuous political protests by parties and groups.
(ii) The police and the administration got excess powers during emergency, later they turned into political instrument of the ruling party and became valuable to political pressures. This problem still exists.
(iii) It remains as important issue that if there is a correct balance of the government’s power and the people’s right in a democracy like India.
(iv) Question emerges that should the citizens have full freedom to engage in protest activity or should they have no such right at all.
11. Discuss the affects of emergency on the following aspects of our policy.
(a) Effects on civil liberties for citizens.
Ans: Effects on Civil Liberties for Citizens: During emergency the government made extensive use of preventive detention which made large scale arrests. But the arrested political workers could not challenge their arrests through Habeas Corpus petition. The government also gets the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the Fundamental Rights during the emergency.
(b) Impact on relationship between Executive and Judiciary.
Ans: Impact on relationship between Executive and Judiciary: In the back ground of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and Vice President could not be challenged in court. The 42nd amendment passed during emergency also brought many changes in the constitution like duration of the legislatures, election can be postponed by one year during an emergency.
(c) Functioning of Mass Media.
Ans: Functioning of Mass Media: Deciding to use its special powers under the emergency provisions the government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all materials to be published in press censorship, protests and strikes and public agitations were also disallowed.
(d) Working of the Police and Bureaucracy.
Ans: Working of the Police and Bureaucracy: The police and administration (bureaucracy) become extremely powerful during emergency. They turned into political instrument of the ruling party and became vulnerable to political pressures.
12. In what way did the imposition of emergency affect the party system in India? Elaborate your answer with example.
Ans: On the night of 25th June 1975 President of India declared emergency on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Emergency affected the working of political parties in many ways. Almost all the leaders of opposition parties were arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 1971 (MISA). This affected the working of political parties. Agitation, strikes, demonstration etc were not allowed. All liberties given under Article 19 were suspended. Due to censorship on the freedom of press and other restrictions democratic functioning of political parties were badly affected.
The public opinion was against the congress government. Jaya Prakash Narayan became a symbol of democratic values. Moreover, the imposition of emergency and their subsequent interment finally made political leaders to realize that they will simply rot if they do not stand united against the authoritarian style of Indira Gandhi. Hence the leaders of various parties that came in contact with one another in jails resolved to form one party i.e. Janata party. That is why it is held Janata party ensured that Non- Congress votes would not be divided. The 1977 election proved referendum on emergency experiences and masses rejected the Congress party.
13. Explain briefly the policies and programmes of Janata Party.
Ans: The Janata of Chandrashekhar is a ‘rump’ of the 1977-79 Janata Party which came into existence in the wake of ‘Emergency’. According to some critics the phenomenon that was Janata party was the result of a Rational struggle.
The main programmes and policies of Janata Party was democratic socialism, civil liberties and cleaner politics etc. It offers something distinctive and attractive and regains organisational vitality to its people.
It goes to the credit of Janata Party that it has not lost its national alternative to the congress (I). It has in its ranks many nationally respected politicians Mr. Ramakrishna Hegde, Mr. Madhu Dandavate, Mr. Surindera Mohan, Mr. Madhu Limaye and Chander Shekher – who are known to be respects of norms and values in the conduct of public affairs. Another strong point in its favour is that it doesn’t provoke violent antipathy. It can be at the head of a national coalition of anti congress forces.
Some policies and programmes of Janata government are :
(i) The Janata party wishes to give the country a government ‘responsive’ to the people and ‘respectful’ to its constitution and democratic freedoms.
(ii) It promises to make a common cause with the people for the creation of a nation united by equality, justice and egalitarianism and governed by the true representative of the people through democratic processes.
(iii) There is a distinct stress on social, political and administrative reforms as, for instance, in the offer of a package of measures starting with a principled and national distribution of powers and functions between the centre and the states, on the one hand, and within the state upto the village on the other.
(iv) The theme of decentralization is also reflected in the proposed steps for economic reform, a review of measures like income-tax and multiple taxes.
(v) There was also a promise to deal with corruption.
14. Explain any three main outcome of Lok Sabha elections of 1977.
Ans: The true main outcome of Lok Sabha elections of 1977 are:
(i) In the 1977, for the first time since Independence Congress didn’t came to power. It is because the entire opposition found a common adversary in congress and its leader Indira Gandhi.
(ii) In the election Janata Party fought for the congress misrule. It was a referendum. Due to detention of people and censorship of press, public opinion was against congress. J.P. ensured that non-congress votes wer not divided. Congress won 154 seats in Lok Sabha. Its vote percentage reduced to 35%. The Janata Party and its allies got 330 out of 542 seats Janata Party got 295 seats and won seats in Bihar, UP, Delhi. Indira Gandhi lost from Rae Bareli and Sanjay Gandhi lost from Amethi.
(iii) The J.P. movements led Congress (I), Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), Bhartiya Lok Dal, Socialist party and congress for dissidents led by Jagjivan Ram to unite under one front or party called the Janata party. Riding on the wave of anti emergency Janata party won a majority in 1977 election in the Lok Sabha and formed a government under Morarji Desai.
15. Analyse the conflict between the Judiciary and Parliament of India in 1973.
Ans: Before the declaration of emergency it was a period when the government and the ruling party had many differences with the judiciary. Three constitutional issues emerged which led to a strain between judiciary, legislature (Parliament) and Executive.
(i) Firstly, can the Parliament abridge Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court said it cannot.
(ii) Secondly, can the President curtail the “right to property by making an amendment. Again, the court said that Parliament cannot amend the constitution in such a manner that rights are curtailed.
(iii) Thirdly, the President amended the constitution saying that it can abridge Fundamental Rights for giving effect to Directive Principles of State Policy. But the Supreme Court rejected this provision also.
This led to a crisis as for as the relations between the government and the judiciary were concerned. This is very much proved in the famous Kesavananda Bharati case. In this case, the court give a decision that there are some basic features of the constitution and Parliament cannot amend these features.
Besides, two more developments further added to the tension between the judiciary and the executive. Immediately after the Supreme Court’s decision in 1973 in the Kesavananda Bharati case, a vacancy arose for the post of Chief Justice of India and the government set aside the seniority of three judges and appointed justice A.N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India. This appointment became politically controversial because all three Judges who were superseded had given ruling against the stand of the Government.
Another jolt came as the ruling of the High Court which declared Indira Gandhi’s Lok Sabha election invalid.
In this way, the constitutional interpretations and political ideologies were Betting up rapidly.
16. Examine the legacy of the Emergency of 1975.
Ans: The legacy of the emergency of 1975 was felting every sphere of peoples life and the politics of the nation as well:
(1) Between the elections of 1977 and 1980 the party system had changed dramatically. Since 1969, the congress party had starting shedding its character as an Umbrella Party which accommodated leaders and workers of different ideological dispensations and view points. The congress party now identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party.
(ii) With the change in the nature of the congress party, other opposition parties relied more and more on non-congressism.
(iii) In an indirect manner the issue of welfare of the backward castes also began to dominate politics since 1977. For instance the Northern states elected non congress governments in which the leaders of the backward castes played an important role.
(iv) Besides, the emergency and the period around it can be describe as a period of constitutional crisis. It had its origin in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the parliament, and the judiciary.
(v) Over the other hand, it was also a period of political crisis. The party in power had absolute majority, yet its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.
(vi) Another critical issue was the role and extent of mass protest in a parliamentary democracy. The emergency period saw a dar tension between institution based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation for which the party system was to be blamed.
17. What were the main decisions of Janata Party after forming the government. in 1977?
Ans: After the Janata Party came to power in 1977, following the defeat of the Indian National Congress, it implemented several key decisions and reforms.
Here are some of the main decisions taken by the Janata Party government after forming the government in 1977:
(a) Repeal of Emergency Measures: One of the first and most significant actions taken by the Janata Party government was the repeal of several measures implemented during the Emergency. The government restored civil liberties, freedom of the press, and the right to dissent, which had been curtailed during the Emergency period.
(b) Review of Detentions: The Janata Party government initiated a review of the detentions made during the Emergency. Many political leaders and activists who had been imprisoned during that time were released, and efforts were made to ensure justice and accountability for those who had been wrongfully detained.
(c) Electoral Reforms: The government introduced electoral reforms aimed at ensuring free and fair elections. The Representation of the People Act was amended to regulate campaign expenditure, enforce transparency in political funding, and enhance the integrity of the electoral process.
(d) Media Freedom and Press Reforms: The Janata Party government sought to promote media freedom and remove restrictions on the press. It abolished press censorship and worked towards creating a more independent and vibrant media environment.
(e) Inquiry Commissions: Several inquiry commissions were set up to investigate alleged abuses and corruption that had taken place during the Emergency. The Shah Commission, for instance, was established to probe various aspects of the Emergency and uncover any wrongdoing.
(f) Land Reforms: The government focused on implementing land. reforms, particularly in rural areas, to address agrarian issues and alleviate rural poverty. Steps were taken to redistribute land to landless farmers and provide them with greater ownership and control over agricultural resources.
18. How did the emergency of 1975 benefited the Indian democratic setup?
Ans: The Emergency imposed in India in 1975, which lasted until 1977, was a period characterized by the suspension of civil liberties, censorship of the media, and the centralization of power in the hands of the government. While the Emergency was widely criticized for its authoritarian nature and curtailment of democratic principles, it is important to examine whether any benefits emerged for the Indian democratic setup.
Here are some perspectives on how the Emergency may have had certain perceived benefits:
(a) Centralized Decision-making: During the Emergency, the government had the ability to implement policies and decisions swiftly and effectively. This centralized decision-making process was seen by some as a means to overcome bureaucratic hurdles and expedite development projects. Proponents argue that this enabled the government to take decisive actions in areas such as family planning, land reforms, and infrastructure development.
(b) Economic Stabilization: The government claimed that the Emergency was necessary to address economic instability, including high inflation, food shortages, and unemployment. Some argue that the centralized approach allowed for better economic management, resulting in short-term stabilization of the economy. It is suggested that certain economic policies implemented during the Emergency contributed to long- term growth, such as the nationalization of banks and reforms in the agricultural sector.
However, it is essential to note that these perceived benefits are subjective and contentious. Critics argue that any perceived benefits were outweighed by the severe erosion of civil liberties, human rights abuses, and weakening of democratic institutions. The curtailment of fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right to dissent, undermined the democratic fabric of the country.
19. How did the emergency (1975-77) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen? Give example?
Ans: The Emergency period in India from 1975 to 1977 had a profound impact on the fundamental rights of Indian citizens. The government, led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, imposed several restrictions and curtailed individual freedoms in the name of maintaining law and order.
Here are some examples of how the Emergency affected fundamental rights:
(a) Suspension of Habeas Corpus: The government suspended the
right to habeas corpus, which safeguards against unlawful detention. Thi meant that individuals could be arrested and detained without being presented before a court and without any knowledge of the charges against them. This led to widespread arbitrary arrests and detentions.
(b) Censorship and Suppression of Press Freedom: The medi faced strict censorship during the Emergency, with pre-censorship impose on news publications and restrictions on reporting. Journalists and edition were arrested or intimidated if they published critical content or exposed government wrongdoing. The right to freedom of speech and expression, a fundamental right guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, was severely curtailed.
(c) Restrictions on Freedom of Assembly and Association: The right to peaceful assembly and association was curbed during the Emergency. Public gatherings and protests were banned, political rallies were prohibited, and organizations critical of the government were targeted. This limited citizens’ ability to express dissent and participate in political activities.
(d) Forced Sterilizations: The government implemented a controversial mass sterilization program as part of its family planning policy during the Emergency. This policy violated the right to personal liberty and privacy, as individuals, particularly those from marginalized communities, were forcibly sterilized without their consent.
(e) Abuses of Emergency Powers: The government used the Emergency powers to stifle political opposition and suppress dissent. Political leaders, activists, and members of opposition parties were arrested and imprisoned without due process. Many faced torture, harassment, and abuse while in custody.
20. Explain Briefly the impact of the 1977 elections?
Ans: The 1977 elections in India were held in the aftermath of the Emergency period (1975-1977) imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The elections had a significant impact on Indian politics and democracy.
Here are some key impacts of the 1977 elections:
(a) Defeat of the Congress Party: The most notable outcome of the 1977 elections was the defeat of the Indian National Congress, which had been in power for almost three decades. The Congress Party, led by Indira Gandhi, faced a strong opposition alliance called the Janata Party, which comprised various opposition parties, including the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the Socialist Party, and the Jana Sangh. The Congress Party was reduced to just 154 seats in the Lok Sabha, while the Janata Party secured a landslide victory with 345 seats.
(b) Return of Democracy and Civil Liberties: The 1977 elections marked the restoration of democracy and civil liberties in India. The Emergency period had witnessed the suspension of fundamental rights, censorship of the media, and suppression of political dissent. The defeat of the Congress Party in the elections was seen as a strong rejection of the Emergency and a reaffirmation of democratic values and principles,
(c) Coalition Government and Political Realignment:The Janata Party, with its diverse coalition of parties, formed the first non-Congress government at the center. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister, heading a coalition government that included members from different political ideologies. This marked a significant shift in Indian politics and the emergence of a multi-party system, breaking the Congress Party’s monopoly on power.
(d) Strengthening of Opposition Parties: The 1977 elections provided a platform for opposition parties to consolidate their positions and challenge the dominance of the Congress Party. It gave a boost to parties like the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which later evolved into the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the regional parties, leading to the diversification of political power in India.
(e) Assertion of People’s Power: The massive voter turnout and the defeat of the ruling party in the elections reflected the power of the Indian electorate. It demonstrated that the people had the ability to hold the government accountable and bring about a change in the political landscape. The 1977 elections marked a significant milestone in the empowerment of the Indian citizens and their role in shaping the nation’s future.
21. “Indira Gandhi was left with no option except to impose Emergency”- Explain?
Ans: The imposition of Emergency in India from 1975 to 1977 was a controversial period in the country’s history. The statement that “Indira Gandhi was left with no option except to impose Emergency” reflects a perspective that attempts to justify or rationalize the decision taken by the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.
Here is an explanation of the context and circumstances often cited to support this perspective:
(a) Political Turmoil and Instability: In the years leading up to the Emergency, India witnessed significant political turmoil and instability. The government was facing numerous challenges, including widespread protests, strikes, and demonstrations organized by various opposition parties and groups. There were concerns about the breakdown of law and order, disruptions to governance, and threats to national security.
(b) Economic Crisis and Rising Inflation: India was grappling with an economic crisis during this period, characterized by high inflation, food shortages, and a decline in agricultural productivity. The government faced mounting pressure to address these challenges and stabilize the economy.
(c) Judicial Verdict Against Indira Gandhi: In June 1975, the Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices in a case filed by her political opponent, Raj Narain. The court declared her election to Parliament void and banned her from holding public office for six years. This verdict posed a significant threat to Indira Gandhi’s political career and the stability of her government.
(d) Calls for Resignation and Uncertainty: Following the court verdict, there were widespread calls for Indira Gandhi’s resignation. Opposition parties and sections of the public demanded her removal from office. The political climate was highly charged and polarized, with the possibility of violent protests and further destabilization of the country.
22. Discuss the consequences of National Emergency declared on 25th June, 1975.
Ans: Indian National Congress (INC), won the Indian general election of 1971 by a huge margin. From the day one of their win, the opposition parties blamed the Indira’s party for the mal practices committed in the elections. The person who defeated by Indira Gandhi, Raj Narayan, lodged a case of fraud and use of state machinery for the election purposes against Mrs. Indira Gandhi in the Allahabad High Court. On 12th June 1975, Allahabad High Court justice Jaganmohanlal Sinha found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of state vehicles for her election campaign. The court declared her election null and unseated her from her seat in Lok Sabha. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. The times described it as ‘firing the Prime Minister for a traffic ticket (it is a notice by law enforcement official to a road user for violating the traffic laws)’.
Another more significant reason for imposing the emergency was “JP movement”. Jaya Prakash Narayan, widely known as the loknayak (leader of masses), initiated the peaceful “total revolution” movement and also he demanded the resignation of Smt. Gandhi. In fact on June 25, 1975, he announced a plan of daily demonstrations, not merely in Delhi, but also in every State capital and district headquarters until Indira Gandhi threw the towel. He also appealed to the Army, the police and the bureaucracy “to refuse to obey Indira” and “abide by the Constitution instead”. These incidents made Mrs. Indira to announce emergency period according to the constitution. Many people say that Mrs. Indira was a power thirst woman, she put the country into emergency state just to protect her power.
Whatever happens the ultimate sufferer is a common man in any history. Here also there was no difference. Here media joined along with the common man. In the period of emergency media was one of the greatest sufferers. Mrs. Gandhi imposed all the possible bans on media. The very fundamental rights that every Indian got from the constituency, was brutally killed. She amended the Representation of the People Act and two other laws in such a retrospective manner to ensure that the Supreme Court had no other option but to overturn the Allahabad High Court verdict.
The fourth estate of democracy, media, went under censorship. Many newspapers didn’t have the courage to defy the censorship, except a few like The Indian Express. On June 28th of the same year, The Indian Express carried a blank first editorial and the Financial Express reproduced in large type Rabindranath Tagore’s poem “Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high” concluding with the prayer “Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.”
Many opposition leaders were arrested in the period of emergency. All the non-congress state governments were ruled out, started with Karunanidhi’s Tamilnadu government. The emergency was a 19-month ordeal, which finally came to an end on January 23rd 1977. However, it was a courageous decision, considering the fact that she was under no visible compulsion to do so. It was a decision that would start a period of darkness for her. After that Mrs. Indira Gandhi called for national elections, in which the Janata Party under the guidance of “JP” won the elections. It was the first non-congress government that formed in India. Indira Gandhi herself defeated by Raj Narain in the Lok Sabha elections of 1977. But this period was short lived; Mrs. Gandhi spectacularly came back in the year 1980.
23. Briefly discuss about the controversies regarding emergency. Was the emergency necessary?
Ans: The below controversies arose regarding to the declaration of Emergency in 1975 in India:
(i) Was the Emergency necessary: The supporters of Emergency say that it was necessary for the regular functioning of the government because Jayaprakash Narayan had asked the police, army and the government employees not to obey government’s illegal and immoral orders. Critics point out that there was nothing wrong in the agitation of the opposition parties. It was peaceful and non-violent.
(ii) What happened during Emergency: The government stated that it used the Emergency for the welfare activities for the people such as twenty point-programme. The critics, however point-out that the Emergency was used for programmes like compulsory and forced sterilisation and relocation of the poor. Press censorship, torture and custodial deaths were order of the day.
(iii) Lessons of the Emergency: Critics point out that India ceased to be democratic during the Emergency but the fact remains that democratic functioning resumed within a short span of time. The general elections were held in March 1977. Indira Gandhi and her party was defeated but they accepted the defeat in a democratic way.
24. Explain the reasons for students movement of 1974 in Bihar and write about the role played by Jayaprakash Narayan in this movement.
Ans: The student movement of 1974 in Bihar, also known as the Bihar Movement or JP Movement, was a significant protest movement led by students and supported by various sections of society. The movement was fueled by a combination of political, economic, and social factors.
Here are some reasons that contributed to the students’ movement of 1974 in Bihar:
(a) Corruption and Misgovernance: The state of Bihar during that time was plagued by rampant corruption, nepotism, and misgovernance. There was a widespread perception that the government officials, politicians, and bureaucracy were involved in corrupt practices, which led to a sense of frustration and disillusionment among the people, including students.
(b) Unemployment and Economic Distress: Bihar was grappling with high levels of unemployment and economic distress. The lack of job opportunities and limited economic growth aggravated the grievances of the youth, who felt marginalized and deprived of their rights and aspirations.
(c) Caste-Based Discrimination: The student movement also addressed the issue of caste-based discrimination prevalent in Bihar. The lower castes and marginalized communities faced social discrimination and economic exploitation. The movement sought to address these social inequalities and demand social justice.
(d) Lack of Educational Infrastructure: The inadequate educational infrastructure and poor quality of education in Bihar further fueled the discontent among the students. They demanded improvements in the education system, including better facilities, qualified teachers, and access to quality education for all.
In this movement, Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as JP, played a significant role as a leader and guiding force. Jayaprakash Narayan was a renowned freedom fighter and social activist who emerged as a prominent voice against corruption, social inequality, and authoritarianism. He was revered as a symbol of integrity and fought for social justice and democratic values.
Jayaprakash Narayan played a crucial role in mobilizing and organizing the students and youth of Bihar. He provided ideological guidance, inspired the participants, and galvanized public support for the movement. His emphasis on nonviolent protest, democratic principles, and people’s participation resonated with the aspirations of the students and the larger population.
25. Examine the legacy of emergency of 1975 in India.
Ans: The legacy of the Emergency period (1975-1977) in India continues to shape the country’s political and social landscape.
Here are some key aspects of its legacy:
(a) Erosion of Civil Liberties: The most significant impact of the Emergency was the erosion of civil liberties and democratic values Fundamental rights such as the right to freedom of speech and expression, the right to liberty, and the right to equality were curtailed. The government had sweeping powers to arrest and detain individuals without due process. The legacy of the Emergency serves as a reminder of the importance of safeguarding civil liberties and the need to protect democratic institutions.
(b) Media Freedom and Censorship: During the Emergency, the media faced severe censorship and restrictions. Publications were subjected to pre-censorship, and journalists and editors were targeted for critical reporting. This legacy highlights the significance of a free and independent media as a pillar of democracy and the need to protect press freedom.
(c) Rise of Opposition and Coalition Politics: The Emergency played a crucial role in uniting opposition parties against the ruling Congress Party. The defeat of the Congress Party in the 1977 elections led to the formation of the Janata Party, a coalition of various opposition parties. This marked a significant shift in Indian politics, leading to the emergence of coalition politics and the diversification of power.
(d) Strengthening of the Judiciary: The Emergency witnessed attempts to undermine the independence of the judiciary through the supersession of judges and the curtailment of judicial powers. However, the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, played a vital role in upholding constitutional values and protecting individual rights during this period. The legacy of the Emergency underscores the importance of an independent judiciary in safeguarding democracy.
(e) Public Awareness and Vigilance: The experience of the Emergency heightened public awareness and vigilance regarding the importance of democratic principles and civil liberties. It served as a reminder that citizens need to be vigilant and proactive in safeguarding their rights and holding those in power accountable.
26. How far do you agree that the government had misused its emergency powers during 1975-77? Explain.
Ans: The imposition of the Emergency in India from 1975 to 1977 was accompanied by numerous instances of the government misusing its emergency powers. The period was marked by widespread allegations of human rights abuses, authoritarianism, and suppression of dissent.
Here are some key points that highlight the misuse of emergency powers:
(a) Suspension of Fundamental Rights: During the Emergency, fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, such as the right to freedom of speech and expression, the right to liberty, and the right to equality, were suspended. The government had the authority to arrest and detain individuals without due process, leading to widespread curtailment of civil liberties.
(b) Censorship and Media Suppression: The media faced severe censorship and restrictions during the Emergency. Publications were subjected to pre-censorship, journalists were targeted for critical reporting and censorship boards were established to control the dissemination of information. This curtailed freedom of the press and stifled independent journalism.
(c) Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions: The government conducted widespread arrests and detentions of individuals considered opposition figures or potential threats. Many political leaders, activists, journalists, and ordinary citizens were imprisoned without proper legal recourse. The use of preventive detention laws allowed authorities to hold individuals without trial or charges for extended periods.
(d) Forced Sterilizations and Sanitary Campaigns: The government initiated forced sterilization programs as a part of population control measures. These programs were implemented coercively and violated individuals’ rights to bodily integrity and reproductive autonomy Additionally, campaigns such as the “Sanjay Gandhi Clean-up Drive” were criticized for their heavy-handed approach and human rights violations.
(e) Suppression of Political Dissent: Political opponents and critics of the government were subjected to harassment, intimidation, and political persecution. Opposition leaders were arrested, political parties were restricted, and public protests were forcefully suppressed. This led to a stifling of democratic processes and dissenting voices.
27. Describe any four circumstances for proclamation of emergency in 1975.
Ans: The proclamation of emergency in 1975 in India was justified by the government based on certain circumstances and perceived threats to the country’s stability.
Here are four circumstances cited for the proclamation of emergency:
(a) Internal Disturbances: The government declared that there were internal disturbances posing a grave threat to the security, stability, and law and order of the country. Widespread protests, strikes, and demonstrations organized by various opposition parties and groups were seen as destabilizing factors. The government believed that these disturbances had the potential to lead to further chaos and disrupt governance.
(b) Political Turmoil: India was going through a period of intense political turmoil and instability. The ruling party, the Indian National Congress, was facing challenges from various opposition parties and factions. There were concerns about the breakdown of law and order, threats to national security, and disruptions to governance. The government believed that the situation required extraordinary measures to restore order and stability.
(c) Economic Crisis: India was grappling with an economic crisis during that time, characterized by high inflation, food shortages, and a decline in agricultural productivity. The government faced mounting pressure to address these challenges and stabilize the economy. The proclamation of emergency was justified as a means to implement necessary economic reforms without facing hindrances or disruptions.
(d) Threat to Unity and Integrity: The government claimed that there were elements within the country seeking to undermine the unity and integrity of India. This included separatist movements, religious and ethnic tensions, and challenges to the constitutional framework. The government believed that the proclamation of emergency was necessary to counter these threats and safeguard national unity.
It is important to note that while these circumstances were cited as justifications for the emergency, there are differing perspectives on the extent to which these circumstances justified the suspension of civil liberties and the suppression of democratic rights during that period. Critics argue that the government’s response was disproportionate and that alternative means could have been employed to address the challenges without resorting to emergency measures.
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