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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8 Recent Trends Development In Indian Politics
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Unit 8 Recent Trends Development In Indian Politics
A. Very Short Types Question & Answers.
1. What do you mean by ‘Congress System’?
Ans: ‘Congress System’ means the dominant position of congress during the period of 1947-1967 as a political party of India despite the existence of several other political parties.
2. What is “Karseva”?
Ans: Karseva is that groups of people who gave voluntary service for construction of Ram Mandir.
3. Who was the head of the coalition government of 1989?
Ans: V.P. Singh supported by Left parties and BJP was the head of the coalition government of 1989.
4. In 1989 who formed the Government?
Ans: In 1989 Janata Dal formed the government.
5. What is meant by Hindutva?
Ans: Hindutva literally means Hinduism. It was vary well defined by its originator V.D. Savarkar as the basis of Indian nationhood.
6. Which party led the National Democratic Alliance.
Ans: Bharatiya Janata Party led the National Democratic Alliance.
7. After Advani who became the president of BJP?
Ans: Sushma Swaraj became the President of BJP after Advani.
8. How many parties formed the NDA?
Ans: 24 parties formed the NDA.
9. Which political party emerged as the single largest party in 1996 Parliamentary Elections?
Ans: Indian National Congress emerged as the single largest party in 1996 Parliamentary Elections.
10. Write any one recommendation of Mandal Commission.
Ans: One recommendation of Mandal Commission was that other Backward castes should be given 27% reservation in government services.
11. What is Mandal Commission?
Ans: The commission which was set up by Janata Party for upliftment of backward castes in North India is called Mandal Commission.
12. What do you mean by UPA?
Ans: UPA means United Progressive Alliance.
13. Who provided the leadership to NDA government?
Ans: Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee provided the leadership to NDA. government.
14. Who was Kanshi Ram?
Ans: Kanshi Ram was the proponent of Bahujan empowerment and founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (B.S.P.)
15. In which year Bharatiya Janata Party was established?
Ans: 1980.
16. Who was the head of the coalition Government from 1999 to 2004?
Ans: Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
17. Which leader of B.J.P. called Mahammad Ali Jinnah as a secular leader?
Ans: L.K. Advani.
18. After Advani who became the President of B.J.P.?
Ans: Pramod Mahajan
19. What is meant by Hinduism or Hindutva?
Ans: Giving importance to Hindu religion.
20. Who became the Prime Minister of India after 2004 election.
Ans: Dr. Manmohan Singh.
21. Name two alliances/fronts that formed the government at the centre in 1989 and 1996 respectively.
Ans: National front-1989, United front-1996.
22. When Mandal issue was raised in Indian Politics?
Ans: In Indian politics the Mandal issue was raised in the year 1978.
23. Which political party pursued the politics of Hindutva?
Ans: Bharatiya Janata Party pursued the politics of Hindutva which literally means Hinduism.
24. Write the full form of AIADMK.
Ans: The full form of AIADMK is All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhaguam.
25. Since 1989 until the election of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha?
Ans: Bharatiya Janata Party is gaining strength in Lok Sabha since 1989 until the elections of 2004.
26. In which year, which political party emerged as the single largest party in parliamentary elections ?
Ans: Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the single largest political party in the parliamentary elections of India in 1998.
27. How many parties formed the NDA?
Ans: 24 parties formed NDA.
B. Short Type Questions & Answers:
1. Are regional parties necessary? Give any two arguments in support of your answer.
Ans: Yes, Regional Parties are indeed very necessary in a heterogeneous country like India because of the following two reasons:
(i) Regional parties work in a narrow region which helps in solving the various problems of that region without great difficulty.
(ii) The people of a region gets wider representation with greater number of regional parties.
2. Mention any two incidents of violence against minority community which are a threat to democracy.
Ans: (a) Violent anti-Mandal protest, (b) Godhra incident
3. Write two recommendations of the Mandal Commission.
Ans: (i) Reservation of 27% public sector and government jobs for OBCS for those who do not qualify on merit.
(ii) Reservation of 27% for promotions at all levels of OBCs in public service.
4. What is the difference between a coalition party and coalition in Congress system?
Ans: Coalition party government refers government of more than two regional and political parties whereas coalition in Congress system refers to encouragement of various factions inside the party with different ideologies.
5. Which organisation took up the cause of Bahujans?
Ans: The Backward and Minority Classes Employees Federation (BAMCEF) took various steps and strong position in favour of political power to Bahujans including SCs, STs, OBCs and minorities
6. When did the phase of coalition politics begin?
Ans: With elections of 1989, coalition politics began in India i.e. National Front in 1989, United Front in 1996 and 1997 and UPA in 2004.
7. What do you know about NDA?
Ans: The BJP led alliance is known as NDA or National Democratic Alliance. It first came to power in 1998 with its 24 coalition partners got majority in Lok Sabha with TDP being the second major partner with 29 MP’s. The NDP government passed the Prevention of Terrorists Act (POTA) in 2002 to counter against terrorists.
8. How many seats were secured by BJP and Congress in 2004 elections?
Ans: In 2004 general elections BJP secure 138 seats and Congress secured 145 seats.
9. What were the new economic reforms and when were the new economic reforms announced?
Ans: The new economic reform is called Structural Adjustment Programme or the new economic reforms initiated by Rajiv Gandhi followed by the various governments took a radically different turn. These changes first became very visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction than the Indian economy had persuade since independence. Though these policies have been widely criticised by various movements and organisations, but the various governments that came to power in this period have continued to follow these. The new economic reforms were announced in 1991.
10. Trace the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.
Ans: Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991, May when he was on an election campaign in place called Sri Perumbudur. The assassinators were Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE militants, who came to India as suicide bombers. The death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narasimha Rao as the Prime Minister.
11. When did the phase of coalition politics begin?
Ans: The new era of “coalition politics” begin in the year 1989 when no political party get majority of seats. The National Front formed a coalition government for first time with Congress as opposition party.
12. Trace the status of BSP.
Ans: In 14 April, 1984 the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was emerged under the leadership of proponent of Bahujan empowerment leader Kanshi Ram. The BSP began as a small party supported by largely Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. But in 1989 and the 1991 elections, it achieved a breakthrough in Uttar Pradesh. This was first time in independent India that a political party supported mainly by Dalit voters had achieved this kind of political success.
13. What do you mean by coalition government? When was the coalition government. formed for the first time at the centre?
Ans: A broad arrangement between two or more political parties to run a government is called coalition government. Formation of such a government takes place when no political party gets a clear majority. Thus many political parties national or regional join hands for power- sharing. It must be noted that general coalition governments are not stable. The first coalition government was formed in India on 24th March 1977.
14. Which election led to the era of coalitions and why?
Ans: The 1989 election led to the era of coalitions because in 1989 Lok Sabha election no one get the required majority. Though the congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha, it did not have a clear majority and therefore it decided to sit in the opposition. So Janata Dal led by V.P. Singh was to form the government. After he was assured of support by BJP and Left Parties along with some regional parties, the National Front formed a coalition government.
15. What is BAMCEF? In which year it was formed?
Ans: The full form of BAMCEF is the Backward and Minority classes Employees Federation. In the year 1978 Kanshi Ram was founded the BAMCEF his organisation was not an ordinary trade union of government employees, but it took a strong position in favour of political power to the ‘Bahujan’ the SC, ST, OBC and other minorities.
16. Write the two features of coalition government in India.2016
Ans: The two features of Coalition Government in India are:
(i) The coalition Government is subjected to lot of adjustments. It must take note of that all allied are contended. Any discontentment would lead to break down of the alliance and also of the government.
(ii) Regional political parties have started playing a major role in formation of the coalition Government.
17. Write a short note on economic globalisation.
Ans: Economic Globalisation normally deals with great economic flows between different countries of the world. This process is influenced by voluntary cooperation among nations while some of it is forced by international institutions and powerful nations. The flow takes place through exchange of commodities, capital, people and ideas. Restrictions imposed by different states on each other’s imports have been removed.
18. What was the main manifesto of BJP?
Ans: The Bharatiya Janata Party was formally launched as an independent political organisation in February, 1980. At this historical occasion, it declared it manifesto to furthering of national integration, democracy, positive secularism and value based politics, besides the decentralization of economic and political power.
19. Who was the chairperson of Mandal Commission? State any one recommendation made by him/her.
Ans: Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal was the chairperson of Mandal Commission set up in 1978 to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of society and recommend ways to identify these classes.
The Mandal Commission gave its recommendations in 1980:
(a) The commission advised that backward classes should be understood to mean backward castes since many castes other than the SCs were also treated as low in caste hierarchy
(b) Reservation 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these groups.
(c) It recommended land reforms to improve the condition of OBCs.
(d) Hence, Mandal commission made recommendations in economic and occupational structures.
20. State any two major political happenings of 1984 in India.
Ans: (a) Assassination of Indira Gandhi
(b) Lok Sabha elections were held.
21. What was the change in electoral performance of Congress party and BJP from 19842004?
Ans: (a) In the elections of 1989, Congress secured 197 seats but did not get majority. Therefore, it decided to sit in opposition.
(b) The National Front under V.P. Singh came to power supported by left front and BJP from outside.
(c) The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to emergence of Congress as the single largest party and formed the government supported by AIADMK.
(d) In 1996, BJP minority government was formed for short period. Later in June 1996 United Front with the support of Congress formed the Government and H.D. Deve Gowda became Prime Minister and after 11 months I.K. Gujral came to power to rule till March 1998.
(e) From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and other parties formed alliances NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee and regional parties demanded more share in government to extend its support.
(f) In the elections of May 2004, Congress and its allies formed UPA (United Progressive Alliance) and came to power and Manmohan Singh became Prime Minister.
22. When was India’s New Economic Policy launched? Who was its chief architect?
Ans: It was launched in 1991 as the structure adjustment programme and it was started by the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao:
(a) India’s New Economic Policy was launched by the then Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
(b) The economic changes first became visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction that Indian Economy had pursued since independence towards liberalised and open economy.
23. List the four groups to be emerged in 1990s.
Ans: (a) Parties in coalition with Congress- UPA (United Progressive Alliance).
(b) Parties in alliance with BJP-NDA (National Democratic Alliance).
(c) Left front parties (Left Parties).
(d) Other parties not to be part of the rest (Others).
24. Name the parties having a powerful rural base among the OBC.
Ans: The constituents of the Janata party, like the Bharatiya Kranti Dal and the Sanyukta Socialist Party had a powerful rural base among some sections of the OBC’s.
25. Write short note on Gujarat Riots.
Ans: In February-March 2002, large scale violence against Muslims took place in Gujarat. The immediate provocation for this violence was an incident that took at a station called Godhra. A bogey of a train that was returning from Ayodhya and was full of Karsevaks was set on fire. Fifty seven people died in the fire. Suspecting the hand of the Muslims in setting fire to the bogey. Large scale violence against Muslims begins in many parts of Gujarat from the next day. This violence contained for almost a whole month. Nearly 1100 persons, mainly Muslims, were killed in this violence.
26. Explain Lok Sabha election 2004.
Ans: In the election of 2004, the congress party too entered into coalition in a big way. The NDA. was defeated and a new coalition government led by the Congress, known as the United Progressive Alliance came to power. This government received support from the Left Front Parties.
The election of 2004 also witnessed the partial revival of Congress party, However in the 2004 elections, there was a negligible differences between the votes polled by the Congress and its allies and the BJP and its allies. Thus, the party system has now changed almost dramatically from what it was till the seventies.
27. Write a short note on the issue of Karseva.
Ans: In December 1992, the organisation supporting the construction of the temple had organised a Karseva, meaning voluntary service by the devotees, for building the Ram Temple. Two famous turmoil was happened to occur in Indian politics for this Karseva issue. The first one was the demolition of the disputed mosque at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 by Karsevaks which led to serious debate our secularism. Secondly the Godhra riots where Karsevaks returning from Ayodhya was set on fire, suspecting the hand of the Muslims.
28. Why are the regional parties becoming more popular these days?
Ans: The Regional Political parties becoming more popular these days, because they represent not only the newly emergent regional elite but also the total complex of regional values and regional ambitious. The phenomenon points to the slow and gradual development of federal politics in India. The regional political parties are now a days addressing and focussing the regional problems. They have been many a times successful in converting a regional problem into a national problem. This is helping the regional parties to gain importance after every passing day.
29. Write two advantages and two disadvantages of ‘Coalition Govt’ in India?
Ans: Two advantages of “Coalition Govt” in India:
(i) Coalition govt gives spaces to the regional political parties.
(ii) Coalition govt can provide wide based representation to various sections of people and groups.
Two disadvantages of “Coalition Govt” in India:
(i) Coalition govt is temporary. It can not last long.
(ii) Coalition govt has no ideological commitment.
30. Name the four groups which emerged in 1990’s.
Ans: In 1990’s four major groups had emerged in Indian Politics.
These groups are:
(1) Parties that are in coalition with the Congress.
(ii) Parties that are in alliance with the BJP
(iii) Left Front Parties.
(iv) Other parties who are not part of any of the above three.
31. Mention the main points of criticism of the Mandal Commission Report.
Ans: The Mandal Commission was set up to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of Indian society and recommend ways of identifying these “backward classes”.
There could we cited some criticism of the Mandal Commission Report though it was a best one:
(i) The government was too early to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission.
(ii) The people from North India were not satisfied with the decision of the government.
32. Write a short note on Hung Parliament.
Ans: When no political party secures a clear majority in the Parliament, this situation is called “Hung Parliament”. For instance, the 1996 elections threw a hung parliament. The BJP emerged as the single largest party with 161 seats. It was invited to form the government. However, its leader Atal Behari Vajpayee had to resign from the seat of Prime Minister within 13 days due to lack of majority. The second largest party Congress with 140 seats was unwilling to form a government. The onus thus fell on Janata Dal, regional parties and leftist parties to provide a stable coalition government. The Janata Dal decided to lead the 13party coalition government called United Front (UF).
C. Long Type Questions & Answers:
1. Discuss the role of BSP.
Ans: In 14th April, 1984, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was emerged under the leadership of proponent of Bahujan empowerment leader Kanshi Ram.
(i) The BSP began as a small party supported by largely Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, but it has expanded its support now to various other social group.
(ii) It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujan (SC, ST and OBC’s and Religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their members.
(iii) Since its inception the BSP has emerged or a major political player in state and has been in government on more than one occasion.
(iv) In 1989 and the 1991 elections, BSP achieved a breakthrough in Uttar Pradesh. This was first time in independent India that a political party supported mainly by Dalit voters had achieved this kind of political success.
2. What led to the serious debate over secularism?
Ans: The rise of politics based on religious identity and the demolition of the disputed mosque at Ayodhya led to the serious debate over secularism. During this time, there has been a debate about using religious sentiments for electoral purposes. Parties like BJP emphasis the Hindu nationalist element in its ideology, and adopted the strategy to mobilising the Hindus. The demolition of the disputed mosque at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 by Karsevaks led to a serious debate over secularism and posed the kind of questions on the secular concept of India. Most political parties condemned the demolition and declared that this was against the principles of secularism. This new led to clashes between the Hindus and Muslims in many parts of the country. The violence in Mumbai erupted again in January 1993 and continued for over two weeks.
3. Why is the importance of regional parties increasing in India?
Ans: The importance of Regional Parties are increasing in India because:
(i) There has been multiple member of political parties at the Centre or national level. During elections these parties try its best to secure maximum number of votes to form the government. But due to innumerable number of political parties no party could form the government. Due to inadequacy of votes, these parties invite the regional parties for power sharing.
(ii) The Regional political parties are now a days addressing and focussing the regional problems. They have been many a times successful in converting a regional problems into a national problem. This is helping the regional parties to gain importance after every passing day.
4. State the main issues in Indian Politics in the period after 1989. What different configuration of political parties these differences lead to?
Ans: The period after 1989 is seen sometimes as the period of decline of congress and rise of BJP.
(i) BJP and Congress were engaged in a tough competition in this period.
(ii) Since the 1989 election, the votes pulled by the two parties, Congress and the BJP do not add up to more than fifty percent. The seats won by them too, do not add up to more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha.
(iii) Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of the BJP but they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full form.
(iv) In this period state level political parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.
5. Write any four features of the coalition government.
Ans: A broad arrangement between two or more political parties to run a government is called Coalition Government.
The following are the some important features of the Coalition Government:
(i) The parties agreeing to form coalition form a common minimum programme. It is formed taking some common goals into consideration.
(ii) Coalition Governments are formed when no political party secures clear majority. The parties ideologically congruent or incongruent may come together for formation of government.
(iii) Coalition Governments tend to be temporary. When a coalition partner suddenly withdraws from the government then it is reduced to minority and many a times leading to breakdown of the government.
(iv) In coalition Governments, the political parties may be regional or national. For example – Asom Gana Parishad was an ally in the BJP led NDA coalition.
6. Explain briefly any four developments witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992.
Ans: Any four developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992 are given below :
(i) Development on the agreement of new economic policies while many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties are in support of the new economic policies.
(ii) Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes political parties have recognised that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result all political parties now support reservation of seats for the ‘backward classes’ in education and employment.
(iii) Development of state level parties in governance of the country the distinction between state level and national level parties is fast becoming less important. State level parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.
(iv) Emphasis on pragmatic consideration rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement-coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Most parties of the NDA did not agree with the “Hindutva” ideology of the BJP, yet they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.
7. Write any four major politics of Janata Dal.
Ans: In October 1988 Janata party decided to merge itself with a section of Lok Dal, then headed by Haryana Chief Minister Debi Lal and thus they formed a new political party called Janata Dal. Ajit Singh faction of the Lok Dal also joined the Janata Dal.
At the time of its foundation some of the policies and programme of this party were clearly stated by the leadership.
These policies are like:
(i) The party promised first of all a clean and efficient administration.
(ii) It also promised to incorporate the right to work as a fundamental right in the constitution and to ensuring the right to information in the constitution.
(iii) It wants to give special protections to weaker sections and backward classes.
(iv) It promised to introduce comprehensive electoral reforms.
8. In 2002 large scale violence against Muslims took place. Explain?
Ans: The large-scale violence against Muslims in 2002 refers to the Gujarat riots that occurred in the Indian state of Gujarat. The riots were triggered by an incident on February 27, 2002, in which a train carrying Hindu pilgrims caught fire near the town of Godhra, resulting in the deaths of 59 people, mostly Hindus.
The violence that followed was primarily targeted against the Muslim community. While the exact causes and circumstances of the riots have been a subject of debate and controversy,
Here is a summary of the events:
(a) Godhra Train Incident: A train carrying Hindu pilgrims, known as the Sabarmati Express, was returning from Ayodhya, where a controversial religious site dispute had taken place. As the train reached Godhra railway station, a mob attacked it, allegedly setting fire to one of the train compartments. The incident resulted in the deaths of 59 people, mostly Hindu pilgrims.
(b) Escalation of Violence: Following the Godhra train incident, violent clashes erupted between Hindus and Muslims in different parts of Gujarat. Mobs armed with weapons engaged in acts of arson, looting, and violence, primarily targeting Muslim neighborhoods, homes, and businesses. Numerous incidents of sexual assault, rape, and murder were reported during the riots.
(c) Allegations and Counter-Allegations: The riots were marked by widespread allegations of complicity and inaction on the part of the state government, led by Chief Minister Narendra Modi, who later became the Prime Minister of India. Critics accused the government of not doing enough to control the violence and of having a biased approach towards the minority Muslim community. However, supporters of Modi argued that the state government took prompt action to quell the violence.
(d) Casualties and Displacement: The Gujarat riots resulted in the deaths of over a thousand people, with the majority being Muslims. Thousands of people were injured, and many homes and businesses were destroyed. The violence also led to the displacement of a large number of Muslims who sought refuge in relief camps.
(e) Aftermath and Legal Proceedings: The Gujarat riots had long- lasting social, political, and legal implications. The incident received widespread national and international attention, with concerns raised about religious tolerance and the protection of minority rights in India. The government set up several commissions and committees to investigate the riots and provide justice to the victims. Legal proceedings, including trials and convictions, took place over the years, holding individuals accountable for their involvement in the violence.
The Gujarat riots of 2002 remain a sensitive and contentious issue, and opinions on the causes, handling, and consequences of the violence continue to vary.
9. What have been the major trends in the electoral performance of the congress and the BJP Since 1989?
Ans: Since 1989, the Congress party and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have been two major political forces in India. Here are the major trends in their electoral performance during this period:
Congress Party:
(a) 1989-1991: In the 1989 general elections, the Congress party saw a decline in its seat share but remained the single largest party. However, its government fell in 1990 due to internal political developments, leading to a series of short-lived governments. In 1991, following the assassination of then-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, the Congress party gained public sympathy and secured a significant victory in the subsequent elections.
(b) 1991-1999: The Congress party led by P.V. Narasimha Rao formed the government in 1991, implementing economic reforms and liberalization. However, the party’s popularity declined, and it faced allegations of corruption and governance issues. In the 1996 and 1998 general elections, the Congress party failed to secure a majority and served as a prominent opposition party.
(c) Late 1990s-early 2000s: The Congress party underwent a period of internal restructuring and leadership changes. In 2004, under the leadership of Sonia Gandhi, the party made significant gains, forming a coalition government called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with regional and left-wing parties.
(d) 2004-2014: The UPA government led by Manmohan Singh governed for two consecutive terms, with the Congress party as the leading force. However, during this period, the Congress party faced criticism over issues like corruption, inflation, and policy paralysis.
(e) 2014 onwards: The Congress party suffered a major setback in the 2014 general elections, securing its lowest-ever seat tally. It remained in opposition, and despite efforts to revive its electoral fortunes, it has struggled to regain its previous dominance.
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP):
(a) 1989-1991: The BJP emerged as a significant political force in the late 1980s, gaining seats and becoming the second-largest party in the 1989 general elections. It played a crucial role in forming governments and alliances during this period.
(b) 1991-1999: The BJP witnessed a steady increase in its electoral performance during this time. In 1996, it became the single largest party in the general elections but fell short of a majority. However, it formed a short-lived government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee. In 1998, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) secured a majority, and Vajpayee became the Prime Minister.
(c) Late 1990s-early 2000s: The BJP faced internal divisions and coalition challenges during this period. It lost the 2004 general elections but remained a formidable opposition party.
(d) 2014 onwards: The BJP had a significant breakthrough in the 2014 general elections, winning a majority on its own. Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister, and the party’s performance improved further in subsequent state and national elections. In the 2019 general elections, the BJP won a landslide victory, retaining power with a larger majority. The electoral performance of the Congress party and the BJP has been characterized by fluctuations, coalition politics, and shifts in public sentiment. The BJP’s rise as a dominant political force since the late 1990s has led to a more competitive political landscape in India.
10. Explain any four reasons for the emergence of the coalition era in the Indian democratic system ?
Ans: The emergence of the coalition era in the Indian democratic system can be attributed to various factors.
Here are four reasons that contributed to this trend:
(a) Fragmentation of Political Parties: The first reason is the fragmentation of political parties in India. With the rise of regional parties and the decline of a single dominant party, the political landscape became more diverse. This fragmentation led to a scenario where no single party could secure a majority on its own, necessitating the formation of coalition governments to achieve a majority in the parliament.
(b) Regional Political Strength: Regional parties gained prominence and emerged as key players in Indian politics. These parties represented the specific interests and aspirations of various regions, communities, or linguistic groups. As regional parties grew in influence and amassed significant electoral support, they became important players in coalition politics, often demanding concessions and greater representation for their respective regions.
(c) Coalition Politics as a Compromise: In a country as diverse as India, coalition politics became a means of accommodating diverse interests and opinions. Coalitions provided an opportunity for parties with different ideologies, regional bases, or social support to come together and form a government. These alliances aimed to strike a balance between various groups and foster stability by sharing power.
(d) Post-Emergency Shift: The period following the Emergency (1975-1977) witnessed a significant shift in Indian politics. The dominance of the Congress party, which had governed for most of India’s post- independence years, weakened. This opened up space for other parties and led to the formation of non-Congress governments. The coalition era gained momentum as multiple parties collaborated to counter the Congress party’s dominance.
11. What happened to the state government after demolition of Babri Masjid?
Ans: The demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India, on December 6, 1992, had significant political and social repercussions at both the national and state levels. The incident led to widespread violence communal tensions, and political unrest across the country.
Here’s what happened to the state government in the aftermath of the demolition:
(a) Uttar Pradesh Government: Uttar Pradesh is the state where Ayodhya is located. At the time of the demolition, the state government was led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which actively supported the Ram Janmabhoomi movement that sought to build a Hindu temple at be site of the Babri Masjid. After the demolition, the then-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Kalyan Singh, faced criticism for failing to prevent the incident. However, Kalyan Singh continued to hold his position until November 1999 when he resigned.
(b) President’s Rule: Following the demolition and the subsequent violence, the central government, led by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, imposed President’s Rule (direct rule by the central government) in Uttar Pradesh in December 1992. This decision was made to restore law and order and bring stability to the state.
(c) Subsequent Elections: In 1993, after President’s Rule was lifted, the state held assembly elections. The BJP, which had gained significant support due to the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, emerged as the single largest party and formed a coalition government with other parties. The BJP leader, Kalyan Singh, became the Chief Minister again, serving from 1993 to 1995.
(d) Legal and Political Ramifications: The demolition of the Babri Masjid triggered various legal and political processes. A series of criminal cases were filed against those involved in the demolition. In 2020, the Supreme Court of India delivered its judgment in the long-standing Ayodhya dispute, ruling in favor of the construction of a Hindu temple at the disputed site. This decision marked the end of a legal battle that had lasted for decades.
12. What led to the serious debate over secularism?
Ans: The debate over secularism has been a significant topic of discussion in many countries, including India. Several factors have contributed to the serious debate over secularism.
Here are some key factors:
(a) Historical Context: In countries like India, where diverse religious and cultural groups coexist, the historical context plays a crucial role. India has a rich history of religious and cultural pluralism, with the coexistence of various religions and belief systems. However, historical events, including the partition of India in 1947 along religious lines, the subsequent communal violence, and the emergence of identity-based politics, have shaped the debate over secularism.
(b) Religion and State: The relationship between religion and the state is a central concern in the debate over secularism, Different perspectives exist on the role of religion in public life and the extent to which the state should be involved in religious matters. Secularism aims create a separation between religious institutions and the state, ensuring that the state remains neutral and treats all citizens equally, regardless of their religious beliefs.
(c) Protection of Minority Rights: Secularism is often seen as a framework that safeguards the rights of religious and cultural minorities. in diverse societies, there is a need to protect the rights and freedoms of minority communities, ensuring that they are not marginalized or discriminated against based on their religious or cultural background. The Jebate over secularism often revolves around finding the right balance Between majority rule and minority rights.
(d) Identity Politics: The rise of identity politics has fueled the debate aver secularism. In some cases, religious or cultural identities are politicized, and political parties may exploit these identities for electoral gains. This can lead to polarization, communal tensions, and challenges to the secular fabric of a nation.
(e) Interpretation of Secularism: Different interpretations of secularism exist, ranging from strict separation of religion and state to a more inclusive approach that acknowledges and accommodates religious Diversity. The interpretation of secularism often varies based on cultural, historical, and political contexts, leading to diverse perspectives and heated debates.
(f) Social Change and Modernization: As societies undergo social change and modernization, traditional religious beliefs and practices may face challenges. This can lead to tensions between traditional and progressive forces, triggering debates over the role of religion in shaping social norms and public policy.
13. Trace the emergence of BJP as a powerful force in post emergency politic.
Ans: BJP-The Bharatiya Janata Party was formally launched as in independent political organisation in February 1980, after split of the Janata Party on the R.S.S. iue. Most of the erstwhile Jana Sangh members along with a few others, left the Janata Party to form the BJP. Thus the 3JP is a reincarnation of the Jana Sangh the militant Hindu nationalist party founded in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. The object of the Jana Sangh was the rebuilding of Bharat as a modern, democratic society in accordance with religious precepts. The party adopted four fundamentals, one country, one nation, one culture and a rule of law that would determine its future course of action. Secularism for the Jana Sangh, was simply a disguised policy of Muslim appeasement.
The Sangh did not recognise the partition of India and supported foreign policy of non-involvement. It wanted a united India under a unitary state, with Hindi as the national language. It has been closely associated with the R.S.S. Indeed, Nehru described the party as its illegitimate child. Most of the Jana Sangh’s support came from the Hindi speaking a party of the urban educated Hindu middle classes-professionals, small businessman, and white-collar workers. The Jana Sangh’s experience as a unit of the Janata Party, its administrative experience in national government and its close association with Jaya Prakash Narayan all seen to have brought about considerable transformation of its ideologies.
From an ideology of Hindu chauvinism with an emphasis on Bharatiya culture, Hindi language and militant anti- Pakistan foreign policy, it has moved to non-communal and pragmatic political and economic policies.
The BJP believes in Gandhian socialism. The party says that its ideology is inspired not only by Gandhi and JP but also by Deendayal Upadhyaya.
It stands for positive socialism and clear government. While laying emphasis on the “Hindu idiom” in its poll manifesto, the party stands for justice for all and appeasement of none. The party would continue the policy of reservations for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, apply the same policy to the recommendations of the Mandal commission. The party would also provide reservations for other weaker sections on the basis of their ecocondition. In the economic arena the party favours writing off the debts of farmers, laborers and artisans. The party also favours smaller and stronger states, desires to abolish Article 370, favours in uniform civil code and would like to establish Human Rights commission.
The Jana Sangh has been closely associated with the RSS. The RSS has served as the organisational base for party. The BJP being its successor, The official stand of the BJP and the RSS it that these are two separate Organisations working in two different fields. Besides, they do not interfere beach – other’s work. But an overwhelming majority of the BJP workers Rave RSS background, therefore a large number of people think that the *o organisations belong to the one and same family. Even the BJP has reaffirmed its RSS link. It sees this link as vital to its newly emphasised commitment to national unity since it believes that the RSS’s patriotism is unmatched. It is, in fact proud of its link with RSS.
The BJP is now being viewed as an alternative to the centrist parties that have so far had a monopoly on power. The BJP.has achieved this status because of its strong organisation and distinct identity. As a cadre based party guided by a distinct ideology, the BJP has certain inbuilt advantages. It can work towards consolidating its electoral gains, and does not necessarily have to depend on waves and winds every time it faces an election can the BJP then explode the myth that India can only be ruled by the centrist? It has always been said that this country is too plural to be ruled by a right wing party and too traditional to accept the left.
14. In spite of the decline of Congress dominance the Congress Party continues to influence politics in the country. Do you agree? Give reason.
Ans: Yes, we agree with the statement that in spite of the decline of congress dominance, the congress party continues to influence politics in the country. Although the dominance of the party cane to an end after its defeat in the Lok Sabha elections held in 1989, yet soon after it again came into power in 1991 and remained in power upto 1996. Similarly, although the party lost the elections in 1999, it worked as the main opposition party in the Lok Sabha. Again, in the elections held in 2004, the congress party came out as the single largest party winning 145 seats UPA government was formed under the leadership of the congress party under its leader Dr. Manmohan Singh, this government has already completed four years in office and still continues to rule the country. Similarly, the governments formed by the congress party are working.
It has formed governments in Jammu and Kashmir (in coalition with PDP) Delhi, Uttaranchal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana, Assam and many other states. Even now the politics of the country revolves around the congress and it has presence throughout the country. Being the oldest political party, it has its presence in every corner of India. In fact other parties frame their policies and programmes keeping in view the policies and activities of the party. Besides, the party played an important role in the presidential election held in 2007:
Thus, we can say that the influence of the congress party is continuing to influence politics in the country. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 2009, the party improved its performance in the Lok Sabha and won 206 seats. Since it was not able to get an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha, it was not able to form the government on its own, As a result the party has been able to form a coalition government under its leader Dr. Manmohan Singh with the help of some other parties like DMK Nationalist congress party, Trinmool congress and National conference Jammu and Kashmir. At present, its leader Dr. Manmohan Singh is the Prime Minister of India. So, the era of coalition politics continues in Indian politics.
15. Examine the growing consensus over the crucial issues.
Ans: In the mist of severe competition and many conflicts a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties. This consensus consists of four elements.
These are:
(i) Agreement on New Economic policies: While many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties are in support of the new economic policies. Most parties believe that there policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
(ii) Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes: Political parties have recognised that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. Araresult, all political parties now support reservation of seats for the ‘backward classes’ in education and employment and also willing to ensure that the OBC’s get adequate share of power.
(iii) Acceptance of the role of state level parties in governance of the country: The distinction between state level and national level and national level parties is fast becoming less important. The state level parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.
(iv) Emphasis on pragmatic consideration rather than ideological position and political alliances without ideological agreement: Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements.
All these are momentous changes and are going to shape politics in near future.
16. Write a note on the Hindu- Muslim riots in Gujarat.
Ans: The Hindu-Muslim riots in Gujarat, also known as the Gujarat riots of 2002, were a series of communal violence incidents that occurred in the Indian state of Gujarat. The riots were marked by intense violence and targeted attacks against Muslims.
Here’s a note summarizing the key aspects of the Gujarat riots:
(a) Background: The immediate trigger for the Gujarat riots was the Godhra train burning incident on February 27, 2002, where a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was attacked, resulting in the deaths of 59 people, mostly Hindus.
Following the incident, violent clashes erupted between Hindus and Muslims, primarily in Ahmedabad, the largest city in Gujarat, and other parts of the state.
(b) Incidents and Violence: The riots witnessed widespread acts of arson, looting, sexual assault, rape, and brutal violence against Muslims particularly in Muslim-majority areas and slums.
Mobs armed with weapons targeted Muslim-owned businesses, homes, and mosques. Many women and children were victims of violence and faced displacement.
The violence resulted in the deaths of over a thousand people, with the majority being Muslims. Thousands were injured, and many homes and properties were destroyed.
(c) Government Response and Criticism: The state government,led by Chief Minister Narendra Modi, faced criticism for its alleged failure to control the violence and protect the Muslim minority.
Critics accused the government of complicity or inaction, claiming that it allowed the violence to continue or even supported the attackers.
The government’s response to the riots was widely debated, with concerns raised about the impartiality and effectiveness of the administration in restoring law and order.
(d) Aftermath and Legal Proceedings: The Gujarat riots had significant socio-political ramifications and heightened communal tensions in the region.
Several commissions and committees were established to investigate the riots and provide justice to the victims. Legal proceedings, including trials and convictions, took place over the years, holding individuals accountable for their involvement in the violence.
The riots also had broader implications for national politics and public discourse, with discussions focusing on issues such as religious harmony, secularism, and the role of the state in preventing communal violence. The Gujarat riots of 2002 remain a deeply contentious and sensitive issue in Indian society. While some argue that the violence was a spontaneous outburst resulting from the Godhra incident, others contend that it reflected deep-seated communal tensions and the failure of the state machinery to protect its citizens impartially. The riots continue to be a subject of debate, discussion, and judicial proceedings aimed at delivering justice and ensuring accountability.
17. Explain the rise of Janata Dal?
Ans: The Janata Dal as a new political party emerged in October 1988 with the merger of the Janata Party. Lok Dal (B), Jana Marcha and the Congress (S). Like the Congress Party, the Janata Dal is an Umbrella organisation, it contained many anti-congress groups. It has tried to project itself on the national alternative and took the initiative in forming a broad All India Coalition of opposition parties under the umbrella of the National Front. The strategy of Janata Dal has paid rich dividends on the eve of the ninth Lok Sabha elections and National Front came to power at the centre with the Janata Dal as its principal components.
The implication of this strategy is quite simple. Since the Janata Dal is part of the National Front Alliance, it follows that the JD will not try to confront or build up its independent political base in those states where NF partners are in power. It is clear that in Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Punjab and Assam, for example, the Janata Dal will exists as a surrogate of the Telugu Dasam or Asom Gana Parishad or whatever regional party is its ally.
18. Write a short note on United Progressive Alliance Government.
Ans: In 2004 elections congress forged new alliances with DMK, PMK, AIADMK in Tamilnadu, with TRS with the left in Andhra Pradesh, with RJD in Bihar, with NCP in Maharashtra. This new Coalition Government led by Congress known as the United Progressive Alliance. This government received support from the Left Front Parties. This strategy clicked as Congress emerged as the single largest party with 145 seats, its alliance got 219 seats. Since the leftiest parties also got over 60 seats, Congress formed UPA government with outside support of the left. The National Common Minimum Programme acts as a road map for the government. This election saw the downfall of Vajpayee’s NDA and installation of another coalition led by Dr. Manmohan Singh.
19. What policy led the policy makers to reduce the importance of state in India’s economy from 1980’s onwards?
Ans: The policy of economic liberalisation made the policy makers to reduce the importance of state in India’s economy from 1980’s onwards. During 1980’s macro-economic policies such as industrial policy, fiscal policy, exchange rate policy export-import policy and monetary policy underwent perceptible changes manifesting a shift from highly controlled economy to liberalised economy. The term New Economic Policy (NEP) is a significator of the process of dismantling, license permit subsidy Raj and to infuse liberalisation doesn’t mean laisses faire. In fact the NEP is based on the promise that all the interventionist policies may not be desirable. Hence, New Economic Policy seeks to sweep the undesirable rests actions, controls and licensing over investment, imparts and production.
The main ingredients of the New Economic Policy may be spelled as follows:
(i) Restoration of competition.
(ii) Progressive dismantling of industrial licensing system.
(iii) Liberalisation of trade regime and ushering in a new era of competitiveness in imports and exports.
(iv) Re-orientation of fiscal policy.
(v) A bigger role for the private sector.
(vi) Technological upgradation in all the spheres of economic activities to take the country to 21st century.
20. Write a short note on NDA.
Ans: The BJP led coalition government is called National Democratic Alliance (NDA). This coalition won 251 seats in 1998 elections with BJP winning about 182 seats. The coalition survived due to the absenteeism of 12 members of TDP and somehow passed a crucial test of stability and instability. However, the 1998 BJP led coalition fell by one vote 269 270 when AIADMK withdrew its support in April 1999 demanding the removal of Defence Minister George Fernandes. The short lived Vajpayee Government put stamp on India’s Nuclear Power with five nuclear tests at Pokhran in May 1998. It also oversaw country’s defence during the Kargil conflict with Pakistan, when Indian military has to fight hard to recover strategic mountain pasts from Pakistan soldiers who had entered the Indian Line of Control.
It was in this backdrop that election were held in 1999. The BJP led alliance now known as NDA with its 24 coalition partners got majority in Lok Sabha with TDP being the second major partner with 29 MP’s. The NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorist Act (POTA) in 2002 to counter against terrorists. POTA came after the attacks on Indian Parliament in December 2001.
21. Evaluate the role played by Telegu Desam Party and AIADMK after the elections of 1998.
Ans: The regional political parties are now a days addressing and focussing the regional problems. As a regional political parties Telegu Desam Party and AIADMK played important role in Indian politics from its emergence. In 1998 elections the BJP led coalition called NDA was formed. This coalition won 251 seats in 1998 elections with BJP winning about 182 seats. The coalition survived due to the absenteeism of 12 members of TDP and somehow passed a crucial test of stability and instability.
However, the 1998 BJP led coalition fell by one vote 269: 270 when AIADMK withdrew its support in April 1999 demanding the removal of Defence Minister George Fernandes. The short lived Vajpayee government put stamp on India’s nuclear power with five nuclear tests at Pokhran in May 1998. It also oversaw country’s defence during the Kargil conflict with Pakistan, when Indian Military had to fight hard to recover strategic mountain posts from Pakistan soldiers who had entered the Indian Line of Control. It was in this backdrop that election were held in 1999. The BJP led alliance now known as NDA with its 24 coalition, partners got majority in Lok Sabha with TDP being the second major partner with 29 MP’s.
In 2004 elections Congress forged new alliances with AIADMK, PMK, TRS and other parties. In this election congress emerged as single largest party with 145 seats, AIADMK with other parties alliance got 219 seats.
22. What do you understand by United Front. Ans: On April 19, the left parties managed to prevail on the United
Front Partners in the election of a ‘consensus’ candidate for the post of Prime Minister. The CPI (M) General Secretary Harkishan Singh Surjeet successfully blocked the names of the candidate whom the left parties didn’t like to see as the Prime Minister. The names of Laloo Prasad Yadave, Mulayam Singh were overlooked because of corruption charges for the formers and embitterment of relations with the latter GK Moopuar was also not able to reach to the topmost position of PM because of his close relationship with Congress President Sonia Gandhi. Neither the TDP nor the DMK came forward to propose his name. Telegu Desam’s Chandrababu Naidu, who assumed the role of king maker in the crisis was privately favouring the name of external affairs Minister Inder Kumar Gujral. The endorsement of Gujral’s candidature by the Front’s steering committee set the stage for the formation of a new UF Coalition.
23. Analyse the policies and programme of National Democratic Alliance?
Ans: The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is a political alliance in India that was formed in 1998, primarily led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) along with several regional and smaller parties. The NDA has been in power at the national level multiple times, and its policies and programs have shaped the governance and socio-economic landscape of the country. Here is an analysis of the policies and programs of the NDA:
Economic Reforms and Development:
(a) Liberalization and Privatization: The NDA government implemented economic reforms and continued the liberalization and privatization policies initiated in the early 1990s. It aimed to attract foreign direct investment, encourage private sector participation, and boost economic growth.
(b) Infrastructure Development: The NDA focused on infrastructure development, including highways, railways, airports, and power generation. Initiatives like the National Highways Development Project and the Golden Quadrilateral aimed to improve connectivity and spur economic activity.
(c) Social Welfare Schemes: The NDA introduced social welfare schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (financial inclusion program), Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (providing LPG connections to households), and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (affordable housing for all). These programs targeted poverty alleviation and improving living standards.
National Security and Defense:
(a) Counterterrorism Measures: The NDA emphasized national security and took steps to combat terrorism. It introduced anti-terror legislation, such as the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), and implemented measures to strengthen intelligence agencies,
(b) Modernization of Defense Forces: The NDA focused on the modernization and strengthening of India’s defense forces. Initiatives included the acquisition of advanced defense technology, upgrading equipment, and implementing reforms to enhance military capabilities.
Foreign Policy and Diplomacy:
(a) Balancing Regional and Global Engagements: The NDA government pursued a foreign policy that aimed to balance regional and global engagements. It sought to strengthen relations with neighboring countries, promote regional cooperation, and enhance India’s presence on the global stage.
(b) Emphasis on Economic Diplomacy: The NDA focused on economic diplomacy, promoting trade and investment opportunities, and engaging with countries to foster economic cooperation. Initiatives like “Make in India” aimed to attract foreign investment and boost manufacturing.
Social and Cultural Policies:
(a) Cultural Nationalism: The NDA emphasized cultural nationalism, highlighting India’s cultural heritage and promoting values associated with Hinduism and Indic traditions. This was reflected in initiatives like the promotion of yoga and traditional medicine (Ayurveda).
(b) Educational Reforms: The NDA implemented educational reforms, including the introduction of the National Education Policy in 2020, which aimed to revamp the education system, promote vocational training, and focus on skill development.
24. Discuss the main features of coalition Government.
Ans: A coalition government is formed when multiple political parties come together and form an alliance to govern a country or a region. Coalition governments are common in countries with a multi-party system or when no single party obtains an absolute majority in the legislature.
The main features of a coalition government are as follows:
(a) Shared Power and Decision-making: In a coalition government, power is shared among the participating parties. The parties negotiate and agree upon the distribution of ministries, portfolios, and responsibilities within the government. Decision-making processes invo involve consultations and consensus-building among the coalition partners.
(b) Coalition Agreements: Coalition governments are typically formed based on formal or informal agreements between the participating parties. These agreements outline the terms and conditions of the coalition, including policy priorities, governance principles, and mechanisms for dispute resolution. Coalition agreements help maintain stability and provide a framework for cooperation.
(c) Diverse Representation: Coalition governments often include parties with different ideologies, regional bases, or interest groups. This diversity of representation reflects the varied perspectives and interests within the coalition. It allows for a broader range of viewpoints and ensures the representation of different sections of society in the government.
(d) Compromise and Negotiation: Coalition governments require compromise and negotiation among the participating parties. Consensus- building becomes essential to reconcile different policy preferences and agendas. Parties must find common ground and make concessions to address the diverse viewpoints within the coalition.
(e) Increased Accountability: In a coalition government, accountability is shared among the coalition partners. Each party is responsible for the policies and actions of the government, and they are accountable to their respective party members and supporters. The coalition partners monitor and scrutinize each other’s actions to ensure compliance with the coalition agreement.
25. Evaluate the Hindu-Muslim Riots in Gujarat.
Ans: The evaluation of the Hindu-Muslim riots in Gujarat, also known as the Gujarat riots of 2002, is a complex and sensitive matter.
Here are some key points to consider in evaluating the events:
(a) Loss of Lives and Human Suffering: The Gujarat riots resulted in the loss of over a thousand lives, predominantly Muslims. The violence caused immense human suffering, including physical injuries, displacement, and psychological trauma. Evaluating the riots should acknowledge the tragic loss of lives and the profound impact on individuals and communities affected by the violence.
(b) Communal Violence and Targeted Attacks: The riots were characterized by widespread incidents of communal violence, targeted attacks, and destruction of properties. Many reports and eyewitness accounts highlighted instances of mob violence, sexual assault, and the deliberate targeting of Muslim individuals, businesses, and places of worship. Such violence undermines social harmony and raises questions about the failure of law and order mechanisms to protect citizens impartially.
(c) Government Response and Accountability: The evaluation should consider the response of the state government and its role in addressing the violence and protecting affected communities. Criticism was directed towards the government led by Chief Minister Narendra Modi, accusing it of either complicity or inadequate action to control the riots and provide timely assistance to the victims. Evaluating the government’s response is crucial to understanding the extent of its responsibility and its commitment to upholding the rule of law.
(d) Socio-Political Impact: The Gujarat riots had far-reaching socio- political consequences. They deepened communal divisions, heightened mistrust, and intensified polarization between Hindu and Muslim communities. The impact on social fabric, inter-community relationships, and the broader secular fabric of the country should be assessed, considering the long-term repercussions and challenges in fostering communal harmony.
(a) Judicial Process and Accountability: Evaluating the aftermath of the riots involves considering the legal proceedings and the pursuit of justice. Several commissions and committees were established to investigate the riots and provide justice to the victims. The evaluation should take into account the efficacy and fairness of these processes, including the identification and prosecution of those responsible for instigating or participating in the violence.
(b) Broader Implications: The Gujarat riots have broader implications for India’s political discourse and governance. They have influenced public perceptions about secularism, religious tolerance, and the role of the state in preventing and addressing communal violence. Evaluating the riots requires an understanding of the societal context, the historical backdrop, and the factors that contribute to inter-religious tensions.
26. Write short notes on:
(a) Ayodhya dispute
Ans: The Ayodhya dispute refers to a longstanding and contentious issue over the ownership and control of a religious site in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India. The dispute revolves around the Babri Masjid, a mosque built in the 16th century, and the Ram Janmabhoomi, believed by some Hindus o be the birthplace of Lord Ram.
Here is an overview of the Ayodhya dispute:
(i) Historical Background: According to Hindu belief, Lord Ram was born in Ayodhya at the site where the Babri Masjid stood. The mosque was constructed in 1528 during the Mughal era. In 1949, idols of Lord Ram were placed inside the mosque, leading to a legal dispute over the ownership and control of the site.
(ii) Legal and Political Developments: The dispute gained significant attention in the 1980s when various Hindu organizations, most notably the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP), launched a campaign for the construction of a Ram temple at the site.
In 1992, a large mob demolished the Babri Masjid, leading to widespread communal violence across India. The incident further fueled religious tensions and resulted in loss of lives and property.
Subsequently, legal battles ensued with multiple cases filed in courts, including the Allahabad High Court and the Supreme Court of India, to determine the ownership and resolve the dispute.
(iii) Legal Proceedings and Court Judgments: The Allahabad High Court delivered a judgment in 2010, dividing the disputed land into three equal parts among the Sunni Waqf Board, the Nirmohi Akhara (a Hindu religious sect), and the Ram Lalla (the infant Lord Ram). This judgment was appealed to the Supreme Court.
(iv) Supreme Court Verdict and Resolution: In November 2019, the Supreme Court of India delivered its verdict. It granted the entire disputed land to a government-run trust, the Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra, to facilitate the construction of a Hindu temple.
The court also directed the government to allocate five acres of land to the Sunni Waqf Board at a separate location in Ayodhya to build a mosque.
(v) Aftermath and Reconciliation Efforts: The Supreme Court’s verdict sought to provide a legal resolution to the Ayodhya dispute. It aimed to promote communal harmony and bring closure to a longstanding issue that had fueled religious tensions for decades.
Since the verdict, efforts have been made to promote peace, reconciliation, and interfaith dialogue to bridge the divide between communities and foster unity.
(b) New Economic reform-1991.
Ans: The New Economic Reform of 1991, also known as India’s economic liberalization or the LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) reforms, refers to a series of policy measures introduced by the Indian government to transform and liberalize the country’s economy. The reforms were undertaken in response to a severe economic crisis and aimed to boost economic growth, attract foreign investment, and modernize various sectors.
Here are the key aspects of the New Economic Reform of 1991:
(i) Liberalization of the Economy:
(a) Dismantling of Industrial Licensing: The government reduced the number of industries requiring licenses, allowing greater freedom for businesses to set up and expand operations.
(b) Relaxation of Trade Barriers: Trade restrictions and import licensing were significantly reduced, leading to increased competition, greater.consumer choice, and exposure to international markets.
(c) Foreign Investment: The government initiated measurės to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) by relaxing regulations, allowing foreign companies to invest in various sectors, and facilitating technology transfer..
(ii) Privatization and Market-oriented Reforms:
(a) Privatization of Public Sector Enterprises: The government initiated the privatization of certain state-owned enterprises to increase efficiency, promote competition, and reduce the burden on the public sector.
(b) Market-oriented Reforms: Pricing reforms were introduced to align prices more closely with market forces, reducing government control and promoting a more competitive and efficient market economy.
(iii) Fiscal and Monetary Policy Reforms:
(a) Fiscal Discipline: The government aimed to reduce fiscal deficits and bring stability to public finances through measures such as rationalizing subsidies, improving tax administration, and reducing government expenditure.
(b) Monetary Reforms: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) implemented policies to liberalize interest rates, facilitate credit flow, and maintain price stability.
(c) Trade Liberalization: Tariffs and trade barriers were reduced, facilitating greater integration with the global economy and opening up opportunities for international trade.
(d) Foreign Exchange Reforms: The government introduced measures to liberalize the foreign exchange regime, including allowing greater convertibility of the Indian rupee and easing restrictions on foreign exchange transactions.
(iv) Sector-specific Reforms:
(a) Agriculture: Reforms were introduced to modernize and liberalize the agricultural sector, including changes in procurement and marketing systems, and encouraging private investment in agribusiness.
(b) Financial Sector: The banking and financial sector underwent significant reforms, including the introduction of new private banks, liberalization of interest rates, and strengthening of regulatory frameworks. The New Economic Reform of 1991 marked a significant shift in India’s economic policies, moving away from the earlier era of centralized planning and protectionism towards a more market-oriented and globally integrated economy. The reforms have had a profound impact on India’s economic growth, investment climate, and integration into the global economy. However, the reforms have also faced criticisms and challenges, including concerns about inequality, regional disparities, and the need for inclusive growth.
(c) Anti-Muslim Riot in Gujarat.
Ans: The anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat, also known as the Gujarat riots of 2002, were a series of large-scale communal violence that took place in the state of Gujarat, India. The riots occurred in the aftermath of the Godhra train burning incident, where a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was set on fire, resulting in the deaths of 59 people. The riots led to significant loss of life, destruction of property, and widespread communal tension. Here are key points to understand about the anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat:
(a) Triggers and Escalation: Godhra Train Burning: The burning of the train in Godhra, which was primarily carrying Hindu passengers, sparked anger and resentment among certain sections of the Hindu community.
Retaliation and Violence: Following the incident, violent reprisals and attacks targeting Muslim individuals, neighborhoods, businesses, and places of worship were reported in various parts of Gujarat.
(b) Scale of Violence:
Loss of Lives: The Gujarat riots resulted in the deaths of over a thousand people, mostly Muslims. There were also reports of widespread sexual violence, torture, and destruction of property.
Displacement: Many Muslim families were forced to flee their homes due to threats and violence, resulting in significant displacement and long- term socio-economic consequences.
(c) Allegations and Controversies: Accusations of State Complicity: Criticisms were raised regarding the alleged complicity or inaction of the state government led by Chief Minister Narendra Modi in controlling the violence and providing adequate protection to the affected communities.
Justice and Accountability: The handling of investigations, prosecutions, and trials related to the riots has been a subject of debate and controversy, with concerns raised about the pace of justice and accountability for the perpetrators.
(d) Impact on Society: Communal Divide: The Gujarat riots deepened communal divisions and tensions between Hindu and Muslim communities, leaving a lasting impact on social fabric and inter-community relationships.
Political Ramifications: The riots had significant political ramifications, both at the state and national levels. The incident influenced public opinion, electoral dynamics, and perceptions of political parties and leaders.
(e) Reconciliation and Rehabilitation: Efforts towards Reconciliation: Over the years, there have been efforts to promote reconciliation, peace-building, and interfaith dialogue in Gujarat, aiming to bridge the divide between communities and foster understanding.
Rehabilitation of Victims: Rehabilitation and support programs have been implemented to address the socio-economic and psychological needs of the affected individuals and communities.
(d) Political Rise of other Backward Classes.
Ans: The political rise of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in India refers to the increasing representation and influence of OBC communities in the country’s political landscape. The OBCs constitute a significant portion of India’s population and have historically faced socio-economic disadvantages and discrimination.
Here are key factors that contributed to the political rise of OBCs:
(a) Mandal Commission and Reservation Policies: Mandal Commission: The Mandal Commission, appointed in 1979, recommended the reservation of seats in educational institutions and public employment for OBCs. Its report emphasized the need for affirmative action to address historical disadvantages faced by OBCs.
Implementation of Reservations: Following widespread protests and political mobilization, the recommendations of the Mandal Commission were implemented by the Indian government in 1990. This provided OBCs with reserved quotas in educational institutions, government jobs, and other public sector opportunities.
(b) Social and Political Mobilization: OBC Identity and Assertion: OBC communities started asserting their collective identity and demanding recognition of their specific concerns. Various OBC political leaders and organizations emerged to represent their interests and advocate for their rights.
Political Parties and OBC Leaders: Several political parties actively mobilized OBC communities and incorporated OBC leaders into their ranks. These leaders played a crucial role in mobilizing support and voicing the aspirations of OBCs.
(c) Representation in Political Institutions: Electoral Representation: OBC communities have been successful in securing political representation at various levels of government. OBC leaders have been elected to positions such as Members of Parliament (MPs), Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs), and Chief Ministers in several states.
Political Alliances: OBC communities have formed alliances with other socially and politically marginalized groups to strengthen their political influence and bargaining power.
(d) Socio-Economic Changes: Education and Empowerment: The expansion of education and increased access to opportunities have contributed to the socio-economic upliftment of OBC communities. This has enabled OBC individuals to enter various professions, including politics, and participate actively in the democratic process.
Economic Mobilization: OBC communities have witnessed upward mobility and economic progress, enabling them to engage in political activities and contribute to political campaigns.
(e) Impact on Policy and Governance:
Policy Focus: The political rise of OBCs has led to a greater focus on addressing the socio-economic concerns of these communities. Governments have introduced welfare schemes and policies targeting OBCs to promote inclusive development and reduce disparities.
Policy Advocacy: OBC leaders and representatives have advocated for policy initiatives aimed at the welfare and upliftment of OBC communities, including reservations, social security measures, and targeted development programs.
27. Describe any four major developments in the Indian politics since 1989.
Ans: Coalition Politics: One major development in Indian politics since 1989 has been the emergence and dominance of coalition politics. The 1989 general elections marked a shift from single-party majority governments to the formation of coalition governments at the national level. This trend continued in subsequent elections, with multiple regional and national parties coming together to form governments, reflecting the diverse and fragmented nature of Indian politics.
Economic Reforms and Liberalization: Another significant development has been the initiation and implementation of economic reforms and liberalization in 1991. The Indian government, faced with a severe economic crisis, introduced policy measures to open up the economy, encourage foreign investment, dismantle trade barriers, and promote private sector participation. These reforms aimed to stimulate economic growth, modernize industries, and integrate India into the global economy.
Rise of Regional Parties: The rise and increasing influence of regional parties have been another notable development. Regional parties, representing specific states or regions, have gained significant electoral support and have played a crucial role in shaping national politics. They have often formed alliances or supported coalition governments, influencing policy agendas and demanding greater regional autonomy and representation.
Social and Identity Politics: Indian politics has witnessed a growing emphasis on social and identity-based issues. Various caste, religious, and linguistic groups have mobilized politically to assert their interests and demand representation. Issues related to social justice, reservation policies, language rights, and regional autonomy have become prominent in political discourse, reflecting the diverse social fabric of the country.
It is important to note that these developments have had both positive and challenging implications for Indian politics. While coalition politics has fostered greater inclusivity and accommodated regional aspirations, it has also led to political instability and challenges in decision-making. Economic reforms have brought significant growth and modernization but have also widened economic disparities. The rise of regional parties has improved regional representation but has sometimes led to fragmented governance. Social and identity politics have addressed historical grievances but have also raised concerns about divisive politics and social fragmentation
28. When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India?
Ans: A long phase of coalition politics began in India in the late 1980s. The 1989 general elections marked a significant turning point in Indian politics, leading to the emergence of coalition governments at the national level.
Several factors contributed to the rise of coalition politics during this period:
(a) Fragmentation of National Parties: The dominance of the Indian National Congress, which had traditionally formed single-party majority governments, started to decline. The Congress Party faced internal divisions and a loss of popular support, resulting in the emergence of regional and smaller parties as significant players in the political landscape.
(b) Social and Regional Factors: Regional parties gained prominence due to their ability to represent the specific interests and aspirations of their respective states or regions. These parties often focused on regional identity, local issues, and concerns related to language, culture, and socio- economic development. They gained electoral support by addressing the specific needs of their constituencies, challenging the monopoly of national parties.
(c) Coalition Building for Political Stability: With no single party able to secure a clear majority in the 1989 elections, political parties started forming alliances and coalitions to establish stable governments. The goal was to bring together diverse political groups and secure a majority in parliament to form a government.
(d) Assertiveness of Regional Parties: Regional parties,representing specific states or regions, became influential players in national politics. They leveraged their numerical strength and ability to influence government formation to assert their regional demands and secure greater representation and resources for their respective regions.
(e) Coalition Dynamics and Power Sharing: Coalition governments necessitated negotiation, compromise, and power-sharing among various political parties. Coalition partners often held diverse ideological positions and represented different regional or social interests. This led to a more decentralized decision-making process, with policy formulation reflecting the demands and priorities of multiple parties.
29. Write a note on Hindu-Muslim Riots in Gujarat.
Ans: The Hindu-Muslim riots in Gujarat, also known as the Gujarat riots of 2002, were a series of large-scale communal violence that took place in the state of Gujarat, India. The riots resulted in widespread loss of life, destruction of property, and deep communal divisions.
Here is a note on the Hindu-Muslim riots in Gujarat:
(i) Background:
Godhra Train Burning: The riots were triggered by the Godhra train burning incident on February 27, 2002, where a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was set on fire, resulting in the deaths of 59 people. The incident sparked communal tension and led to violent reprisals.
(ii) Violence and Impact:
Targeting of Muslims: Following the Godhra incident, violent reprisals and attacks primarily targeted the Muslim community. Muslim individuals, neighborhoods, businesses, and places of worship were subjected to violence, resulting in loss of lives, displacement, and significant damage to properties.
(iii) Retaliation and Counter-attacks: There were also instances of retaliatory violence by certain Muslim groups against Hindus, escalating the cycle of communal violence.
(iv) Allegations and Controversies:
State Government’s Response: Criticisms were raised regarding the alleged complicity or inaction of the state government led by Chief Minister Narendra Modi in controlling the violence and providing adequate protection to the affected communities.
(v) Accusations of Systematic Violence: Several reports and human rights organizations alleged that the violence was not merely spontaneous but had elements of planning and coordination, pointing to the involvement of extremist groups and the failure of law enforcement.
(vi) Casualties and Displacement:
Loss of Lives: The Gujarat riots resulted in the deaths of over a thousand people, with Muslims being the majority of the victims. There were also reports of sexual violence, torture, and targeted killings.
Displacement: Many Muslim families were forced to flee their homes due to threats and violence, resulting in significant displacement and long- term socio-economic consequences.
(vii) Justice and Reconciliation:
Legal Proceedings: The handling of investigations, prosecutions, and trials related to the riots has been a subject of debate and controversy. Concerns were raised about the pace of justice, accountability for the perpetrators, and the challenges faced by survivors in seeking justice.
Reconciliation and Rehabilitation: Efforts have been made towards reconciliation, peace-building, and interfaith dialogue in Gujarat, aiming to bridge the divide between communities and foster understanding. Rehabilitation and support programs have been implemented to address the socio-economic and psychological needs of the affected individuals and communities.
The Gujarat riots of 2002 left a lasting impact on the social fabric of Gujarat and India as a whole. It deepened communal divisions, raised questions about the role of the state in protecting its citizens, and highlighted the challenges of ensuring justice and reconciliation in the aftermath of such traumatic events. The riots remain a significant chapter in India’s history and continue to evoke discussions about communal harmony, religious tolerance, and the need for inclusive governance.
30. What was Mandal Commission? Did it try to solve the problems of other Backward classes? State any two arguments in support of your answer?
Ans: The Mandal Commission, officially known as the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission, was a government- appointed commission in India formed in 1979. Its primary objective was to identify and recommend measures for the advancement and welfare of socially and educationally backward classes, including the Other Backward Classes (OBCs). The commission’s report, released in 1980, played a significant role in shaping policies related to reservations and affirmative action in India. Here are two arguments in support of the Mandal Commission’s attempt to address the problems of Other Backward Classes:
Recognition of Social and Educational Backwardness: The Mandal Commission recognized the existence of social and educational backwardness among certain communities, particularly the OBCs. It acknowledged that historically disadvantaged groups faced socio- economic challenges and discrimination, limiting their access to education, employment, and opportunities for social advancement. By identifying there backward classes, the commission aimed to draw attention to their specific needs and provide policy recommendations to address their concerns.
Affirmative Action and Reservations: One of the key recommendations of the Mandal Commission was the introduction of reservations or affirmative action for OBCs in educational institutions and public employment. The commission argued that reservations were necessary to promote social justice, equality, and representation for marginalized communities. It sought to provide OBCs with access to educational opportunities and employment prospects that were previously limited to a privileged section of society. The implementation of reservations, based on the commission’s recommendations aimed to create a more equitable society by addressing historical injustices and leveling the playing field for OBCs.
Notes of AHSEC Class 12 AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Unit 8 | English Medium Class 12 Political Science Notes In this post we will explain to you Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8 Question Answer | AHSEC Class 12 Political Science Question Answer Unit 8 If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you.
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