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Class 11 Education Chapter 4 Psychology and Education
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Chapter 4 Psychology and Education
TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. Give a brief account of the conceptual development of psychology as a branch of study.
Ans: Psychology is being applied all most all aspects of human life and is very useful to understand and improve the existing conditions. The recent developments of psychology have been so remarkable that for detailed and accurate understanding of the subject matters, it has been divided into different branches.
Some of the main branches are:
(i) General Psychology: It is considered to be the mother of all other branches. It studies human behaviour in a general way.
(ii) Clinical Psychology (2019): This branch tries to diagnose and treat specific psycho logical problems or illnesses caused by abnormal behaviour and help the individual to adjust effectively in the society. Now a days hospitals generally appoint a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist.
(iii) Child Psychology: This branch emphasizes on the study of the process of development of a child. The child’s urges and emotions are very different from those of adults. This branch is considered to be very important in the present times as it studies certain aspects like how language development and learning takes place in children.
(iv) Social or Group psychology: This branch of psychology deals with individuals as members of groups people often act differently when they are in groups than when they are alone. Group psychology studies interaction of one individual with others, group patterns and processes, group dynamics etc.
(v) Abnormal Psychology: The branch of abnormal psychology studies various problems of persons regarding emotional disturbances, problems of other psychological processes and functions.
(vi) Applied Psychology: This branch studies problems related to work management and offers guidance and counselling.
(vii) Industrial psychology: The branch of industrial psychology studies human behaviour in industrial situations, offers vocational guidance, measures to relieve boredom and fatigue are provided. It helps to provide conducive conditions to motivate workers to work efficiently.
(viii) Adult psychology: It is a branch of psychology which deals with the emotional, intellectual and social behaviour of adults.
(ix) Legal Psychology: Problems related to crime, criminals judiciary can be studied from the psychological point of view. This is studied by legal psychology.
(x) Military Psychology: It is concerned with the training techniques, motivational aspects of military personal, especially during crisis. This branch developed after the world war 1.
(xi) Educational Psychology: It is an applied branch, which studies educational problems and tries to find their solutions by applying various methods and techniques as suggested by psychology. It deals with the improvement of the teaching learning activity. So, this branch emphasizes on the application of psychological principles in the field of education.
(xii) Experimental psychology: This branch studies the different aspects of human behaviour through application of experimental methods. Experiments are conducted on individuals under controlled conditions, data collected and these are then recorded, analysed and interpreted. However, there are many problems which cannot be solved by this experimental method.
2. Of the various concepts of psychology which one you support and why?
Ans: Psychology is most commonly defined as the science of behaviours. The term behaviour refers to the responses or reactions, we make or activities we do in a particular situation. However, in psychological studies the term behaviour is very broadly used. It includes physical, ad motor functions we do like engaging in various activities, running, jumping, walking etc. mental and intellectual activities like thinking, reasoning, perceiving, remembering etc. emotional experience like feeling angry feeling of pleasure and pain etc. are included within the range of the term behaviour.
3. Write a brief note on the scope of psychology.
Ans: Psychology as a discipline or branch of knowledge has its own scope of study. Basically it studies human experiences and behaviour. It primarily looks into the factors that cause behaviour and then makes efforts. to study the nature of behaviour.
Human experiences are characterized by three factors. Every experience involves these three characteristics heavily cognition or knowing aspect, Conation or doing and affection or feeling aspects. Some psychologist put emphasis on one of it and some on the other. For example psychologist like Herbert and Hume gave emphasis an cognition while considering scope of psychology. They believed cognition always leads to conation and affection. On the other the famous psychologist Mc. Dougall considers that cognition cannot origin with out conation. Conation or doing aspects comes first, cognition or knowledge follows it. The feeling aspects is also result of conation, was the believe of Mc Dougall and his followers. However majority of the psychologist are of the opinion that our conscious mind has three important aspects cognition, affection and psychology must take these into consideration while dealing with it’s scope.
4. “Education and Psychology are not contradictory but complementary”- Explain the statement.
Ans: There is an intimate and inseparable relation between education and psychology.
Psychology is the science of the behaviour and it deals with the behaviour of living organism. It seeks to understand behaviour in terms of mental and bodily activities. Education on the other have deals with young people and the conditions which promote or hamper their normal growth. In developing the theory of education and in improving the practice of teaching psychology plays in important part today. Modern education is child centric and therefore the relation between psychology and the science of education is becoming more and more intimate day by day.
In the past, however, the attitude of the traditional teachers towards psychology was one of the indifference. At that time people knowledge of the subject matters, the introspective study of psychology would put an obstacle in the work of teaching and controlling children. The Swiss school master pestalozzi was one of the greatest pioneers who emphasize the fact that “the art of education must be based on knowledge of mental life.
Today the child is the central point in education and teacher has to use such methods and means of education as will effectively promote the development of the child in all stages. The teacher has to study the needs and interest of children and provide for their healthy satisfaction he has to devise effective methods of teaching so that children may learn more quickly and better. All this is not possible without knowledge of psychology which furnishes fundamental knowledge regarding the stages of the mental growth of the child. The dominant interest of these stages, how the children differ from one another and grow at different rates, how they learn new skills and acquire new knowledge etc. Psychology helps the teacher to develop a broader, deeper and more effective under standing of education and its process.
5. State how the word psychology has originated?
Ans: The word, “Psychology’ has been derived from the Greek word” Psyche meaning soul and logos meaning science of or study of.
6. Why psychology is called the science of behaviour.
Ans: A man is always conscious of his mental and motor activities. He is conscious of the environmental influences. So psychologists like William Wundt and William James defined psychology as a study of consciousness. But many psychologists criticized this view as consciousness is regarded as only a small part of an individual’s personality the other parts being the subconscious and unconscious. So, the latest and modern concept of psychology is that it is a science of behaviour.
7. Scope of psychology is very wide-justify the statement.
Ans: Psychology as a branch of knowledge has its own scope of study. Basically it studies human experiences and behaviour. Majority of the psychologist are of the opinion that our conscious mind has three important aspects such as cognition, sensation and affection and psychology must take these three into consideration while dealing with it’s scope.
Besides consciousness unconscious aspect of the mind also plays an important role in determining human experience and behaviour. Hence today psychology put emphasis on the role of both consciousness and unconsciousness in human life. Many new findings are coming out on mental processes and behaviour consequently the scope of studying psychology has also becoming wider day by day..
8. Name two important branches psychology and explain them.
Ans: The two important parches of psychology are:
(i) Physiological Psychology.
(ii) Abnormal Psychology
(i) Physiological Psychology: Which deals with the Physical structure of man and its relation with mental activities.
(ii) Abnormal Psychology: Which includes the study of the behaviour of abnormal persons.
Objective type Questions:
1. Answer the following by writing ‘True’ or ‘False’ against each statement.
(i) Psychology is a positive science.
Ans: True
(ii) Psychology can determine aims of education
Ans: False.
(iii) Psychology is called the science of behaviour.
Ans: True.
(iv) Child psychology studies adolescent’s behaviour.
Ans: False.
(v) Laboratory experiments are not necessary in studying psychology.
Ans: True.
(vi) Psychology is a means, not an end in education.
Ans: True.
(vii) Psychology and education have similar aims and objectives.
Ans: False.
2. Write whether the following statements are correct or incorrect.
(i) Psychology determines the theories of education.
Ans: Correct.
(ii) Education and psychology are contradictory one another.
Ans: Incorrect.
(iii) Psychology studies only conscious aspect of mind.
Ans: Incorrect.
(iv) Psychology is not related to class room environment.
Ans: Incorrect.
(v) Psychology does not study abnormal behaviour.
Ans: Incorrect.
(vi) The scope of psychology is narrow.
Ans: Incorrect.
3. Match the following:
Column-1
(i) Psychology help in
(ii) Education psychology is a branch of
(iii) Clinical psychology helps in
(iv) During 18th century psychology was defined
(v) Human experience
Column-2
(i) As the study of mind
(ii) Understanding psychological disordering
(iii) Subjective in nature
(iv) Applied psychology
(v) Counselling students
Ans:
4. Give the concept of child psychology and developmental psychology as two important branches of psychology.
Ans: Child psychology: Childhood extends from 2 to 12 years. This is a crucial period in the life. Future life depends upon development during childhood. Growth and development will be rapid during this stage. Child psychology deals with these aspects.
Developmental Psychology: This branch of psychology looks at development throughout the lifespan, from childhood to adulthood. The scientific study of human development seeks to understand and explain how and why people change throughout life. This includes all aspects of human growth, including physical, emotional, intellectual, social, perceptual and personality development. Topics studied in this field include everything from prenatal development to Alzheimer’s disease.
Chapter – 4
(II) Education Psychology and its Significance
TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. What is educational psychology? How dues it differ from general psychology?
Ans: Educational Psychology is a branch of Psychology and it to concerned with the application of general psychological principles to the problem of education. It is a study of behaviour of the individuals in response to the educational environment.
Difference between general psychology and education Psychology:
(i) General psychology includes perspective study of human behaviour in general. But, education Psychology includes the human behaviour of a particular group in case of education.
(ii) General Psychology is studied and used by intelligent people. But, Education Psychology is studied and used by teacher and educations.
(iii) General Psychology by nature is theoretical, But, Educational Psychology is practical.
2. Give one important definition of educational psychology?
Explain the need or signification of studying psychology in education.
Ans: According to D.P. Ausubel, Educational Psychology is the special branch of Psychology concerned with the nature, conditions, outcomes and evaluation of school learning and retention.
Under the following point’s, the needs as signification studies psychology in Education can be discussed:
(i) Individual difference: It is due to Psychological finding that we pay more attention to the problem of individual difference among children in education.
(ii) Rates of Individual development: Psychology helps the education to recognise the individual rates of progress in respect of learning and proceed accordingly in the field of education.
(iii) Types of learning: We learn by different methods. Therefore it is very much important for the teacher to the acquainted with the types of learning formed out by Psychology
(iv) Nature and measurement of intelligence: The most important contribution of Psychology to the field of education is it valuable findings regarding the nature and measurement of intelligence.
(v) Attention, Memory, forgetting, interest etc: In respect of the above mentioned subject also the modern teacher is greatly indebted to Psychology.
(vi) Instinct and Education: It is psychology which pointed out that education has intimate relation with instinct and education.
(vii) Group Psychology: Modern education utilises many principles of Group Psychology while teaching a class or group.
(viii) Problem of maladjustment: Teachers are greatly helped to day by the knowledge of Psychology in dealing with problem of personality maladjustment.
(ix) Classroom teachings: Education Psychology contributes immensely to class room teaching.
(x) Psychological Testing: Education is greatly indebted to psychology for supplying the workable materials of testing mental abilities.
(xi) Evaluation: The process of evaluation is greatly indebted to educational psychology:
(xii) Parent teacher administrator relation: Education Psychology help the parents teacher and school administrators to run the process of education.
(xiii) Improved method of teaching: Knowledge of Psychology helps the teacher to improve his teaching method for the benefit of students.
(xiv) Heredity and Environment: Heredity and environment plays decisive role in the growth and development of children. This knowledge is very much important for the educator.
3. Discuss the areas of study of educational Psychology?
Ans: Following are the areas of study of educational Psychology:
(i) Original Nature of man: Educational Psychology deals with bodily mechanisms of behaviours like reflexes, receptors etc. and original abilities of man like intelligence memory etc.
(ii) Psychology of Learning Educational Psychology also deals with principles, Conditions laws and efficiency of learning.
(iii) Psychology of special subjects: Knowledge of the psychology of learning is applied to special subjects like reading composition, arithmetic algebra etc.
(iv) Child study: lt studies the genesis and developments of various behaviour in children- the conditions from which acts or behaviour arise and the principles which govern behaviour in children.
(v) Educational Statistics: Educational Psychology deals with the measurement of human abilities with statistical techniques.
(vi) Hereditary influence: The hereditary factors of a child exerts tremendous influence on the education and development of the childhood.
4. Discuss in brief why study of Psychology is essential for a teacher?
Ans: Education Psychology helps the teacher in his task in the following way. So the study of Psychology is essential for teacher
(i) Knowledge of the self: Educational Psychology helps a teacher to make an analysis of his self. He tries to understand his own behaviour patterns likes and dislikes anxiety, adjustment etc. He can thus improve himself and acquire the qualities required for becoming and ideal teacher.
(ii) Knowledge of individual differences: Two persons are like. Each student differs from another physically as well as psychologically. The teacher, with the knowledge of individual difference, can create a suitable environment and promote the growth and development of each student in a most desirable manner.
(iii) Knowledge of the learner: The teacher must have knowledge of difference stages of development, each with its unique characteris. A good teacher will understand the learner’s interest, aptitudes, attitudes abilities, end of aspiration and motivational behaviour to achieve the specific goal of education.
(iv) To understand the nature of classroom learning: The knowledge of educational psychology helps the teacher to communicate effectively in the class. He can understand both the principles and problems of learning, can change his instructional strategy and make the teaching learning process a success.
(v) Adopting effective methods of teaching: Lack of proper methods of teaching results in failure of communication in the classroom. New approaches, principles and techniques at different age level. Hence teachers are prepared for positive teaching.
(vi) Acquaintance with proper tools and teachings: Educational Psychology equips the teacher with the essential knowledge of tools and techniques required to know the learners thoroughly.
(vii) Curriculum construction: Psychological principles are used in designing curriculum which takes into consideration the learners needs, their development characteristics and the social needs as well.
(viii) Evaluation of learning outcome: Educational Psychology has produced many reliable tests and tools of mental measurement which prove to be highly useful in the field of education.
(ix) Knowledge of mental health: To understand the mental health of the learner is very important for the teacher. Educational Psychology provides the fundamental knowledge of mental hygiene and the teacher can easily detect the factors responsible for maladjustment.
(x) Understanding group dynamic: Class room situation is an ideal group situation. The teacher must be aware of group dynamics especially in the classroom teaching learning and is expected to know about the operations in total social environment and their effect an learning.
5. Discuss a few methods of educational Psychology? Ans: Following are the methods of educational Psychology:
(i) Introspection: Introspection consists of two words intro meaning inward and aspection meaning looking. This method of ‘self observation is the oldest method of education psychology. Through thus method the individual looks within, observes, analysis and reports his own feelings. The advantage of this method is that it is the cheapest and it can be used anywhere anytime by the individual and it helps to know his feelings and emotions.
(ii) Observation: It is also one of the oldest methods of psychology. Observation is an important and basic techniques of collection data and is used as a primary research tool. It is a study of an individual in any kind of situation and is adaptable to both children and adults, to individuals and groups.
(iii) Clinical Method: This method is used to understand the causes and sources of peoples fears anxieties, worries, obsessions, personal social, educational and vocational maladjustments. The clinical method uses methods of diagnosis and treatments.
(iv) Experimental method: This method is used to make objective and scientific study of human behaviour. It uses a systematic procedure called. “experimental design” which involves controlling the conditions and nothing the subject’s reaction to the variables.
(v) Psycho-analytic method: Sigmund freud was the founder of this method. Freud emphasised that the conscious is only a small part of the mind and the bigger part is the unconscious. Many of our unconscious mental processes appear in our dreams, slips of pen, tongue etc.
(vi) Case-history method: This method helps to probe into the past history of particular incidents of individual, to find the cause of his abnormal behaviour and then attempts are made to understand and cure them.
(vii) Developmental or Genetic Method: This method lays stress on the development aspects of undesirable behaviour. The simple behaviour patterns of infancy and childhood become complex as one grows in age. Studying the changing behaviour from infancy definitely helps in getting to the root of the problem at adulthood.
(viii) Comparative Method: Through this method behaviour of individuals groups are studied and compared with others. Sometimes comparisons are even made between human behaviour and animal behaviour.
6. Short Question:-
A. Explain the statements:
(i) Educational Psychology is a positive science.
Ans: According to Watson Educational Psychology is positive science. Because it always deals with the present matter of pact of world. Its subject matter includes the study of human behaviour as exhibited in a given situation. It tries to make an objective study of behaviour by direct observation and experimentation. Iames Ross say psychology is not concede with aims, It is positive not normative science, that is to say, it deals with facts as they are and net as they ought to be. Psychology believe in work rather than thought. On the basis of data obtained out of the factual study of the situation psychology draws its theories, laws and principles. Whole knowledge in Psychology is an analytical and scientific study of human behaviour. Psychology has truly become positive objective and experimental science today with the establishment of Psychological laboratories. The Psychologists now believe that every aspect of human behaviour can be objectively studied and assessed.
(ii) Write in brief on the method of Observation.
Ans: It is one of the oldest methods of psychology. Observation is an important and basic technique of collecting data and is used as a primary research tool. It is a study of an individual in any kind of situation and it adaptable to both children and adults, to individuals and groups. Observation can be direct, indirect, scheduled and unscheduled, participant and non. participant. But the main defect of his method is that it is concerned with the external behaviour of the subject and does not provide reliable information regarding the internal mental processes. Subjective interpretation of the individuals behaviour may also happen.
(iii) Why pestalozzi is called the father of educational psychology,
Ans: Pestallozi first tried to apply Psychological principles in the field of education. He laid emphasis on the fact that. Education is the process which develops all dormant qualities of man. His contribution towards the teaching training programme needs special mention. That why he is called the father of educational psychology.
(iv) Give the advantage and disadvantages of Projective techniques.
Ans: Following are the advantages and disadvantages of projective techniques.
Advantages:
(i) The test materials presented in projective method can externalize the inner thoughts and ideas of an individual.
(ii) The method is very helpful for psychiatrists for diagnosing and treating mental disorders.
(iii) Through projective methods a complete picture of the personality of a person can be obtained.
Disadvantage:
(i) It has been pointed out that for a school counsellor projective method is not very useful as they are very subjective
(ii) A common classroom teacher can not apply it. Because for administration of projective tests special training is necessary
(iii) This methods is time consuming and interpretation of the response is very difficult.
(vii) Briefly explain why a teacher should know both about the learner and the subject of study.
A teacher has to know about the learner’s interests, aptitudes, abilities, emotions, intelligence, his physical and social environment and their impact on the development of the learner. In this connection John Adams has rightly remarked that- “To teach John Latin, teacher should know John, as well as Latin “Educational Psychology can be of great help to him in this regard.
Knowledge of the subject of study: It is immensely important to have Knowledge and the subject matter. So that teacher can explain necessary contents of subject systematically. Moreover on the basis of subject and its types and nature the teacher can use subject methods of teaching and can adopt example and suitable reference.
7. Objective test:
(a) Fill up the blank with appropriate words.
(i) The person who first timed to psychologies education was
Ans: Heinrich Pestalozzi
(ii). Modern education is child
Ans: Centric
(iii) Educational Psychology is a – science
Ans: Positive
(iv) The aims of education is not determined by
Ans: Psychology
(v) The great classic on Education by Rousseau is –
Ans: Emile.
B. Find out whether the following statement are true or false:
(i) The aim of education is determined not by psychology but by philosophy
Ans: False
(ii) Positive method is used to study external behaviour of child.
Ans: True
(iii) Social behaviour can be studied by experimental method.
Ans: False
(iv) Educational Psychology studies human behaviour of all ages.
Ans: True
(v) Education and Psychology is complementary to each other
Ans: True
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