B.A 1st Semester Political Science Unit 7 Gender Solution English Medium As Per New Syllabus to each Chapter is provided in the list of SCERT, NCERT, BA 1st Sem Political Science (Minor) Chapter 7 Question Answer English Medium/B.A First Semester Political Science Chapter 7 Question Answer are given so that you can easily search through the different Chapters and select the needs Notes of BA 1st Sem Political Science Chapter 7 Question Answer English Medium. covers all the exercise questions in NCERT, SCERT.
B.A 1st Sem Political Science Minor Unit 7 Gender
B.A 1st Semester Political Science Unit 7 Gender Solution English Medium | Guide for B.A First Semester Political Science Minor Unit 7 Also Same NCERT Solutions for B.A 1st Sem Political Science In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT, B.A 1st Sem Political Science Chapter 7.
Unit 7 Gender
CONCEPT IN POLITICAL THEORY – II
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. How do you define gender?
Ans: The World Health Organization states, refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women,” and “”gender” refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.”
2. Is gender determined by biology?
Ans: In humans, biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth. The presence or absence of a Y chromosome, the type of gonads, the sex hormones, the internal genitalia.
3. What does gender mean in psychology?
Ans: Gender is generally conceived as a set of characteristics or traits that are associated with a certain biological sex (male or female). The characteristics that generally define gender are referred to as masculine or feminine. The formation of gender is controversial in many scientific fields, including psychology.
4. What is the type of gender?
Ans: Traditionally, most societies have only recognized two distinct, broad classes of gender roles, masculine and feminine, that correspond with the biological sexes of male and female. People who are non-binary (or genderqueer) have gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine.
5. How do you define gender?
Ans: The World Health Organization states, sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women, and ‘gender’ refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.
6. Who determines the gender of a child?
Ans: The “default sex,” in the absence of a Y chromosome, is female. like. This is because of the presence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome, also known as the SRY gene. Thus, male mammals typically have an X and a Y chromosome (XY), while female mammals typically have two X chromosomes (XX).
7. What is Gender?
Ans: As an example, we consider Spanish, a language with two noun genders: masculine and feminine. Among other lexical items, the definite article changes its form according to the gender of the noun. In the singular, the article is: el (masculine), and la (feminine).
8. What is a hijra third gender?
Ans: Hijras are officially recognized as third gender in countries in the Indian subcontinent, being considered neither completely male nor female.
9. What are gender roles?
Ans : A gender role, also known as a sex role, is a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality.
10. What do you mean by gender equality?
Ans: UNICEF says gender equality means that women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or women and men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike.
11. What is gender discrimination definition?
Ans: Gender inequality is the idea and situation that men and women are not equal. Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals wholly or partly due to their gender. It arises from differences in gender roles.
12. What are the differences between male and female?
Ans: Often only the mean or mean difference between sexes is given. This may or may not preclude overlap in distributions. For example, most males are taller and stronger than females, but an individual female could be taller and stronger than an individual male.
13. What are feminine qualities?
Ans: While the defining characteristics of femininity are not universally identical, some patterns exist: gentleness, empathy, sensitivity, caring, sweetness, compassion, tolerance, nurturance, deference, and succorance are traits that have traditionally been cited as feminine.
14. Is male a gender?
Ans: Although a person’s sex as male or female stands as a biological fact that is identical in any culture, what that specific sex means in reference to a person’s gender role as a woman or a man in society varies cross culturally according to what things are considered to be masculine or feminine.
15. What do you mean by feminism?
Ans: Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social equality of sexes.
16. What it means to be masculine?
Ans: Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and men. As a social construct, it is distinct from the definition of the male biological sex. Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.
17. What is the meaning of gender mainstreaming?
Ans: Gender mainstreaming is the public policy concept of asser sing the different implications for women and men of any planned policy action, including legislation and programmes, in all areas and levels. Mainstreaming essentially offers a pluralistic approach that values the diversity among both men and women.
18. What is masculinity associated with?
Ans: Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and men. Traits traditionally viewed as masculine in Western society include strength, courage, independence, violence, and assertiveness.
19. What is the most common gender?
Ans: Therefore parents genetically disposed to produce males tend to have more than average numbers of grandchildren born to them. Therefore the genes for male-producing tendencies spread, and male births become more common. As the 1:1 sex ratio is approached, the advantage associated with producing males dies away.
20. Is gender an identity?
Ans: Gender identity is the personal sense of one’s own gender, Gender identity can correlate with assigned sex at birth, or can differ from it. All societies have a set of gender categories that can serve as the basis of the formation of a person’s social identity in relation to other members of society.
21. What is gender dichotomy?
Ans: However, the sex/gender distinction, also known as the Standard Model of Sex/Gender, is criticized by feminists who believe that there is undue emphasis placed on sex being a biological aspect, something that is fixed, natural, unchanging, and consisting of a male/female dichotomy.
22. What is a social dichotomy?
Ans: In biology, a dichotomy is a division of organisms into two groups, typically based.
SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. What called gender? How is gender determined?
Ans: Gender expression (also called, “gender presentation”) means how a person dresses, looks, and acts, in ways that might affect how other people view their gender. Someone who wears men’s clothes and acts in a masculine way has a male gender expression.
Chromosomal sex is determined at the time of fertilization. A chromo-some from the sperm cell, either X or Y, fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell. Gonadal sex refers to the gonads, that is the testis or ovaries, depending on which genes are expressed.
2. What is gender discrimination? Briefly discuss the types of gender discrimination.
Ans: Gender Discrimination is the type of discrimination which is based on the gender of the person. Usually women are treated differently and unequal than men in their education, career, economic advancement and political influences. It is a common type of discrimination that is happen-ing throughout the world, even in the developed countries.
The question of concern is why does this discrimination happen? The root cause seems to be the culture. It is through culture that we come to know who men and women are and what kind of relationship do the two have with each other. According to culture, the work of a woman is home and the work of a man is community. Women are not just considered to be physically weak, but are considered to be weak in everything when compared with men and that’s how the society treats them.
The sexual discrimination exists in many different types all over the world.
Most common types that we experience on daily basis have been discussed below:
(a) Discrimination in Education: Women are treated unequally when it is matter of admissions, recruitments, financial aid, grading, housing, classroom assignment, counseling, guidance, academic programs, vocational education, and discipline.
(b) Discrimination in Employment: This is a major problem women have to face in workplace. They are deprived of the basic rights at the workplace and often harassed by the co-workers. Just because they are females, they are not assigned jobs which they are capable of doing. Even bosses sometimes treat women unfairly. In many workplaces, women are a minority. Therefore, females are always under the pressure from the work environment. Sometimes, even customers target the female employees.
(c) Wage Discrimination: There have been many situations in which men and women perform the same type of work and they probably have the same education too, but still employers don’t give equal pay for women. This difference is merely because of gender inequality.
Maternity and Pregnancy Discrimination at Work: In case a woman is pregnant, some employers do not even like to interview them. Many females at their workplace hide their pregnancy just because of the fear of getting fired. Sometimes, they are even demoted.
3. Write an essay on gender based division of labour
Ans: Division of labour on the basis of sex has been a universal feature 3. of the human society. Women and men have been assigned different works and responsibilities everywhere. This division of labour is of more rigid and structured type especially in ancient and traditional societies. In most of the traditional societies, child rearing and home maintenance are normally regarded as woman’s task, while hunting and fighting are always reserved for man. Sexual division of labour seems to have a biological fase especially in simple primitive societies.
Thus, men are generally given bass that require vigorous physical activity such as hunting, fishing in the deep sea, or herding. Women, on the other hand, are assigned tasks that don’t require much of physical strength and can be performed close to home. Though this is a typical scene found in most of the societies, there is great cross-cultural variation in the kind of labour that is considered appropriate for men and women. .
Cooking, the manufacture and repair of clothing, pottery making, and fire making and tending are predominantly female activities. Agriculture, on the contrary, which includes the preparation, planting, and cultivation of the soil, is an activity shared almost equally by the two sexes. It provides a cross-cultural comparison of the division of labour based on sex.
(a) Cross-cultural variations in division of labour by sex: It makes it clear that there is great cross-cultural variation in the tasks that are considered appropriate for men and women. In many societies, the division of labour is completely different from that of the one that we find in the modern societies. The general tendency, however, is for man to be responsible for tasks involving strenuous effort or great hard work and for women to be responsible for tasks that can be performed near the home. Gender roles are not inborn.
Further, gender roles are not wholly determined by a society’s relationship to its environment. Although all hunting-gathering societies sent men out to hunt while women cared for the home, in early agrarian societies there was a less rigid division of labour.
(b) Influence of culture on gender roles: The cross-cultural study of division of labour by sex makes it evident that gender roles are highly influenced by culture. Male and female roles are not necessarily fixed for all time even though the relationship of earlier societies to their natural environment often required a division of labour by sex. They can and do change as cultures adapt to new environmental and social conditions.
(c) The Impact of Technology: As a result of advances in technology, the greater strength of males becomes less important, and it makes less sense to maintain the earlier divisions of labour. In fact, the modern societies have demanded more involvement of women in a broader range of tasks. This has given rise to a demand that women should not be excluded from access to any roles, including those that are associated with high levels of power and prestige.
4. Is sex the same as gender? What is the difference between male and female?
Ans: The distinction between sex and gender differentiates a person’s biological sex (the anatomy of an individual’s reproductive system, and secondary sex characteristics) from that person’s gender, which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one’s own.
Sexual dimorphism is a term for the phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species. Direct sex differences follow a bimodal distribution. For example, most males are taller and stronger than females, but an individual female could be taller and stronger than an individual male.
5. What does being masculine mean? What are the characteristics of masculinity?
Ans: Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and men. As a social construct, it is distinct from the definition of the male biological sex.
However, alongside this trend of men embracing their softer side seems to be an omission, dismissal, and (at times even) demonizing of traditionally masculine or male traits, e.g. protectiveness, competitiveness, aggressiveness, assertiveness, sexual appetite, deference to truth over feelings, passion, confidence.
6. What is femininity and masculinity? What is masculinity and femininity culture?
Ans: The terms masculinity and femininity refer to traits or characteristics typically associated with being male or female, respectively. In other words, people can be classified as either masculine or feminine,
A masculine culture is made up of male gender roles that focus on values such as money, success, and competition. These cultures consist of a need for power, assertiveness, dominance, and wealth and material success.
LONG TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. Briefly explain the distinctions between sex and gender.
Ans: The distinction between sex and gender differentiates a person’s biological sex (the anatomy of an individual’s reproductive system, and secondary sex characteristics) from that person’s gender, which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one’s own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity). In this model, the idea of a “biological gender” is an oxymoron. The biological aspects are not gender-related, and the gender-related aspects are not biological. In some circumstances, an individual’s assigned sex and gender do not align, and the person may be transgender.In other cases, an individual may have biological sex characteristics that complicate sex assignment, and the person may be intersex.
The sex and gender distinction is not universal. In ordinary speech, sex and gender are often used interchangeably. Some dictionaries and academic disciplines give them different definitions while others do not. Some languages, such as German or Finnish, have no separate words for sex and gender, and the distinction has to be made through context. On occasion, using the English word gender is appropriate.
Among scientists, the term sex differences (as compared to gender differences) is typically applied to sexually dimorphic traits that are hypothesized to be evolved consequences of sexual selection.
Anisogamy, or the size differences of gametes (sex cells), is the defining feature of the two sexes. By definition, males have small, mobile gametes (sperm), females have large and generally immobile gametes (ova or eggs). In humans, typical male or female sexual differentiation includes the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, the type of gonads (ovary or testes), the balance of sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen), the internal reproductive anatomy (e.g. uterus or prostate gland), and the external genitalia (e.g. penis or vulva). People with mixed sex factors are intersex. People whose internal psychological experience differs from their assigned sex are transgender, transsexual, or non-binary.
The consensus among scientists is that all behaviors are phenotypes-complex interactions of both biology and environment and thus nature vs. nurture is a misleading categorization. The term sex differences is typically applied to sexually dimorphic traits that are hypothesized to be evolved consequences of sexual selection. For example, the human “sex difference” in height is a consequence of sexual selection, while the “gender difference” typically seen in head hair length (women with longer hair).is not. Scientific research shows an individual’s sex influences his or her behavior.
Sex is annotated as different from gender in the Oxford English Dictionary, where it says sex “tends now to refer to biological differences”. The World Health Organization (WHO) similarly states that “sex” refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women” and that “”male’ and ‘female’ are sex categories”.
The American Heritage Dictionary (5th ed.), however, lists sex as both “Either of the two divisions, designated female and male, by which most organisms are classified on the basis of their reproductive organs and functions” and “One’s identity as either female or male,” among other definitions.
2. Write a note on Dichotomy.
Ans: Dichotomy, from the Greek word dichotomous, ‘divided in two’, is used in social sciences to describe something that is divided into two opposing categories. One example is the so-called gender binary, where women and men are viewed as two categories with traits (masculine and feminine) that are opposites and mutually exclusive. With this perception of gender, there is no room for nuances or hybrids, and the model excludes individuals who identify themselves as neither woman nor man.
In a worldview characterised by dichotomies, it is common not only to see categories as opposites, but also to create hierarchies between them. This can be illustrated by means of the gender system theory, according
to which each society creates and maintains a system in which women and men are assigned different tasks, roles and positions. The gender system is based on two principles: separation of the sexes and make superiority. This is expressed in for example a gender-segregated labour market, where women and men operate in separate sectors, areas such as health and human care have a large proportion of female workers, while for example construction is heavily male dominated. In addition, the things men do are considered more valuable, which is expressed in the observations that men earn more money than women and are also more likely to be found in powerful positions in society, for example as professors in academia and as chairs of corporate boards.
Both ecofeminist and postcolonial researchers have shown how a worldview characterised by dichotomies has legitimised domination and oppression. Humankind’s dominance of nature, a patriarchal social order where women are subordinated to men, and the colonialism and racism when the white Europe has conquered other countries and ethnic groups. Throughout history, one part of each of these opposites (dichotomies) has been places above the other, so that association chains of super and subordination are formed. Men, white Europeans, humankind, reason and Western science have been assigned superior value and a central position whereas women, racialised people regardless of gender, animals, nature, bodies, emotions and local forms of knowledge have been subordinated and marginalised.
Notes of B.A First Semester Political Science Unit 7 | B.A 1st Sem Political Science Minor Notes In this post we will explain to you B.A 1st Sem Political Science Chapter 7 Question Answer | BA 1st Sem Political Science Question Answer Unit 7 If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you.
Note- If you find any mistakes in this UNIT, please let us know or correct them yourself. Thank you.