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B.A 1st Sem Political Science Minor Unit 8 Citizenship
B.A 1st Semester Political Science Unit 8 Citizenship Solution English Medium | Guide for B.A First Semester Political Science Minor Unit 8 Also Same NCERT Solutions for B.A 1st Sem Political Science In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT, B.A 1st Sem Political Science Chapter 8.
Unit 8 Citizenship
CONCEPT IN POLITICAL THEORY – III
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. Describe the meaning and definition of citizenship.
Ans: It is defined as full and equal membership of a political community.
2. What is meant by full membership of community?
Ans: Full membership of a political community means that he/she enjoys all civil as well as political rights under the protection of the state in return of his/her loyalty to the state.
3. What is meant by equal membership of citizenship?
Ans: Equal membership means that all citizens have got equal rights. Nobody is discriminated on the basis of caste, religion, region and gender.
4. Do tribals share the same equal rights?
Ans: Tribal people don’t share equal rights. Their forests are being cut by rich people for their own commercial interests. They build hotels, play. grounds and their own beautiful locales, and destroy the tribal people’s area of living. They have been rendered homeless and been rooted out from their traditional place.
5. Do slum dwellers share the equal rights?
Ans: Slumdwellers don’t share the equal rights. They come from poorer parts of the country like Bihar and UP and settle in towns to earn a living for them. So they migrate from their villages and land up in metropolitan areas like Delhi and Mumbai. These poor migrants do not get basic hous-ing and they live in slums areas in one small room with no clean drinking water, sanita s they don’t have access to basic necessities.
6. How is citizenship acquired?
Ans: Citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and inclusion of territory.
7. What do you mean by Naturalised citizenship?
Ans: Naturalised citizenship is a process of acquiring foreign citizenship. It is a process by which foreigners acquire citizenship of any other state in which they wish to settle permanently. Naturalised citizenship is ac-quired after birth.
8. What is global citizenship?
Ans: Global citizenship means granting human rights to every individual.
9. Who was T.H. Marshall?
Ans: T.H. Marshall was a British Sociologist.
10. Which rights are considered most important by T.H. Marshall in his idea of citizenship?
Ans: Civil Rights, Political Rights and Social Rights.
11. What is meant by full membership of community?
Ans: Full membership of article community means that he/she enjoys all civil as well as political rights under the protection of the state in return for his/her loyalty to the state.
12. What is meant by equal membership of citizenship?
Ans: Equal membership means that all citizens have got equal rights. nobody is discriminated on the basis of caste , religion, region and gender.
13. When the citizenship of a person in India can not be termi-nated?
Ans: At the time of war.
14. What are the three types of citizenship?
Ans: Three types of citizenship are:
(a) Grant, birth and descent.
(b) Register your baby.
(c) Dual citizenship.
15. What is the importance of citizenship?
Ans: Civil knowledge is important because: Nigerian students understand the political and social context. They are aware of their social and economic rights, as well as political and civil rights. They also understand their roles, rights and responsibilities associated with citizenship
16. What do you mean by citizenship?
Ans: Citizenship is the status of being a citizen. If you have citizenship in a country, you have the right to live there, work, vote, and pay taxes! Citizenship comes from the Latin word for city, because in the earlier days of human governments, people identified themselves as belonging to cities more than countries.
17. What is the difference between citizen and citizenship?
Ans: Citizen is a person, citizenship is that person’s status or relationship to a nation, state, or other body. A United States citizen is a person who enjoys citizenship in the United States, either by birth or naturalization.
SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. Distinguish between citizens and aliens.
Ans: Citizens and aliens are differ from the following:
(i) Citizens of a state are the permanent residents the state, on the other hand, aliens are temporary sojourners. While the citizen lives in the state through out his life.
(ii) There are two classes of citizens of a country naturalised. On the other hand, no classification is made among the aliens. natural and
(iii) The citizen of a state enjoy the political rights but not the aliens,
(iv) The citizen are bound to fulfill their obligations to the state but aliens the foreigner has no obligations.
(v) Every citizen is loyal to his own state but the aliens do not show the allegiance to state.
(vi) No citizen can be driven out from the state but a foreigner can be whenever his visa expire.
2. What are the positive aspect of citizenship?
Ans: Citizenship implies four things:
(a) Civil and political rights which citizens enjoy under the protection of the state.
(b) Duties which citizens render to the state including the duty to promote general welfare.
(c) The allegiance, i.e. loyalty of the sentiment of patriotic devotion, and
(d) Contribution towards the advancement and welfare of the whole community.
3. What are the three dimensions of citizenship?
Ans: Bryans Turner holds that in contemporary times citizenship has three dimensions:
(i) Civil Citizenship: Civil citizenship means equality of all citizens before law and the enjoyment of equal civil rights and liberty by them.
(ii) Political Citizenship: Political citizenship means enjoyment of equal political rights by the citizens and equal opportunities for participation in the political process.
(iii) Social Citizenship: Social citizenship means equal guarantee of a basic minimum level of economic and social welfare.
4. What is the Greek view of citizenship?
Ans: In ancient times the Greek defined citizenship in terms of participation in the public life. Aristotle held that a citizen is a man who participated in public life by acting as jurors or taking part in deliberation in public assemblies or participated in the activities of polis (state), “Citizens are those share the civic life or ruling and being ruled in turn.” Slaves were not citizens and so way the case of persons who did not participate in the deliberative, legislative or judicial activity of the state.
5. What are the Roman view of citizenship?
Ans: For the Romans, citizenship involved six privileges or services in the state:
(i) Service in the army.
(ii) Voting in Assembly.
(iii) Eligibility to hold public life.
(iv) Legal right of action and appeal.
(v) Inter marriage.
(vi) Trading activity.
The Romans expanded the concept of citizenship to include under privileged aliens living in Rome traders and merchants. At the same time it was held that such citizenship enjoyed lesser priviledges than native citizens of Rome.
The Roman rulers extended citizenship to loyal male inhabitants of the captured territories. However, the slaves were not accepted as citizens. The principle of equality of all citizens before law was accepted by the Romans.
The concept of citizenship under event a change after the collapse of the Roman Empire.
6. What are the different ways for acquiring citizenship?
Ans: (a) Marriage: A foreign woman may marry an Indian man and can then acquire Indian citizenship. In Japan the citizenship laws are entirely different. If a Japanese women marries an Indian or any other nationality man, that man can acquire Japanese citizenship.
(b) Appointment as Government official: If a foreigner is appointed to a government office then he or she can acquire citizenship of the country, where she/he has become government servant.
(c) Purchase of Immovable Property: In some countries, If a person is allowed to buy Immovable property, for example land or house, then he/she can acquire citizenship too.
(d) By Acquisition of Territory: If a territory becomes part of another country, then all the people of that territory acquire citizenship of the country. For example in 1961, when Goa was liberated from Portugal and became a part of India, all the people living in Goa become Indian citizens.
7. How can a citizen loss his/her Citizenship?
Ans: A person may loss his or her citizenship in the following ways:
(a) Marriage: It is the most common reasons for loss of citizenship. If an Indian woman marries a foreigner, She can surrender her Indian Citizenship and acquire the citizenship of her husband’s country.
(b) Residence: A person may decide to settle down in another country and he or she may therefore give up or lose the citizenship of his/her original state.
(c) Appointment as a Government official: When persons enter the service of a foreign governments they can lose their original citizenship.
(d) Service in defence force: The defence forces are sensitive organs of a country. If persons take up service of foreign defence forces they can lose his original citizenship.
(e) Criminal Acts: People’s citizenship may be taken a way from them, if they commit a serious crime, prove disloyal to the country or have acquired citizenship by fraud.
8. What are the different qualities that make a good citizen? Explain Giving at least two examples?
Ans: Qualities that make a good citizen:
(i) You are a good citizen if you have cast your vote wisely, keeping the Interests of the country in mind.
(ii) A Good citizen mast be conscious of his duties.
(iii) A Good citizen must pay their taxes honestly regularly and contribute to the states funds.
(iv) A Good citizen obeys the laws of the state and respects the rights of his/her fellow citizen.
(v) Besides high character, a good citizen should also be disciplined.
Example: (a) Persons should be able to control their emotions and think of the consequences before they act.
(b) Good citizen must help the state to function smoothly. In order to do all this, citizen should process a high moral character.
9. Explain the role of a citizen in a democracy.
Ans: Democracy means, government of the people, by the people and for the people. Hence it is the duty of every citizen to take active part in democracy and make it successful. In democracy every body have political rights. In democracy the citizenship have the right to express himself/herself. The people not only enjoy rights but perform certain duties. He has duties towards his nation, other citizen, his family, etc. to maintain the democracy the citizen must be conscious. To strengthen the democracy citizens most have clear idea about his own rights and others rights.
10. What is citizenship at the commencement of the constitution?
Ans: At the commencement of the constitution every person who has his domicile in the territory of India and
(a) Who born in the territory of India, or
(b) Either of whose parents was born in the territory of India, or
(c) Who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for not less then five years immediately preceding such commencement shall be citizen of India.
11. What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Ans: The qualities of a good citizen are:
(i) You are a good citizen if you have cast your vote wisely keeping the interests of the country in mind.
(ii) The right to vote is also a sacred duty of every citizen but a good citizen is one who exercises the right to vote honestly, one should not be influenced by narrow loyalties of caste religion or region.
(iii) Beside voting a good citizen must be conscious of his duties.
(iv) We must all remember that the state spend large amounts of welfare activities for its citizens like hospitals, educational institutions, housing, public transportation. So, it is the duty of every citizen to protect and maintain the public property.
(v) Good citizens must pay their taxes honestly and regularly and contribute to the state’s fund only then can the state discharge its responsibilities affectively.
(vi) A part from his a good citizen obeys the laws of the state and respects the rights of his/her fellow citizens. Good citizens must help the state to function smoothly.
(vii) In order to do all this a citizen should possess a high moral character.
(viii) A person who breaks laws or is anti social cannot be a good citizen.
(ix) A Good citizen should also be disciplined. Persons should be able to control their emotions and think of the consequences before they act.
12. What is the need for global citizenship?
Ans: We require global citizenship because:
(a) We are interdependent so our problems are common.
(b) The world is affected by global problems like war, hunger, devastation and weapons and environmental problems.
(c) We need an inclusive idea of citizenship so that everybody is respected only because they are humans.
(d) Boundaries have been redefined by advancement in technology and communications.
LONG TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. What do we mean by Citizenship?
Ans: More often than not, citizenship is seen in terms of a legal or formal status-having a specific nationality, holding a passport, and deriving from this status, entitlements and claims, rights guaranteed by the constitution,
as well as specific duties and responsibilities which the constitution may lay down. The idea of citizenship, however, goes beyond the legal-formal framework to denote substantive membership in the political community. The commonly accepted definition of citizenship by T.H Marshall in Citizenship and Social Class (1950) as ‘full and equal membership in a political community’ holds the promise of equality and integration within the political community.
While citizenship may be identified with an ideal condition of equality, it may actually remain elusive and fettered, as societies are always marked by hierarchies of class, caste, sex, race, and religion, rather than equality of status and belonging. Equality and integration as constitutive elements of citizenship give it. At different moments in history becoming a citizen’ has involved either an extension of the status to more persons, or a liberatory dismantling of hitherto existing structures of oppression.
The constituent elements of citizenship have been uncertain and often contradictory, making it difficult to outline a precise notion of citizenship. There are divergent responses. For example, to questions pertaining to whether rights or duties are the defining elements of citizenship, or whether the arena of politics or slate activities is its rightful domain as opposed to the spheres of culture, economy, and society. Again, there is no consensus whether citizenship is only a status or a measure of activity, or what is of primary significance for citizenship.
The autonomy of the individual or the community and societal contexts that shape the needs of the individual. Even on questions pertaining to the legitimate unit of citizenship identity, viz., the nation-slate, or the global civil society, there is a lock of consensus. In order to understand why these contradictions co-exist in the conceptual framework of citizenship, it is important to see them in terms of historically emergent strands. It is important, moreover, to explore these various strands in their specific historical contexts. keeping in mind, however, that at each historical moment the earlier strands co-existed, keeping alive the tensions and uncertainties over the form and content of citizenship.
2. Write a note on historical development of the concept of citizenship.
Ans: The word ‘citizenship’ is derived from the Latin civis and its Greek equivalent polites, which means member of the polis or city. The manner in which citizenship is understood today as a system of equal rights, as opposed to privileges ascribed by conditions of birth, took roots in the French Revolution. With the development of capitalism and liberalism, the idea of the citizen as an individual bearing rights irrespective of her or his class, race, gender, ethnicity, etc., became further entrenched.
Since the 1980s, globalization and multiculturalism have provided the contexts within which this notion of citizenship has been challenged. Thus, the Development of ideas that surround the concept of citizenship can be attributed to four broad historical periods like: (a) classical Graeco-Roman period (4th century B.C. onwards), (b) late medieval and early modern period including the period of the French and American Revolutions, (c) the developments in the 19th century corresponding to the growing influence of liberalism and capitalism and (d) the contests over the form and substance of citizenship in the late 20th century with an increasing preoccupation with multiculturalism and community rights.
Two dominant strands or traditions of rights and citizenship can be seen to have developed over these periods: (a) civic republicanism, characterized (b), the ideas of common good, public spirit, political participation and civic virtue; and liberal citizenship with an emphasis on individual rights and private interests. The Marxists and feminists have criticized both these traditions as exclusionary and have suggested radical changes in the theory and practice of citizenship Similarly, cultural pluralists, radical pluralists and civil society theorists have offered alternative ways of thinking about citizenship and rights.
3. How Aristotle defined the term citizenship? Explain briefly.
Ans: Aristotle provides the earliest discussion of citizenship. Citizenship is of pivotal importance to him, as with his practical sense, he easily perceives that ideal governance is possible only by a law-based state, in which citizens abide by laws.
Aristotle defines a state as a collective body of citizens. He rules out citizenship on the basis of residence since resident aliens and slaves also share a common residence with citizens but are not equipped to be citizens. Citizenship does not refer to the share that one has in civic rights, to the extent of being entitled to sue and to be sued in the courts of law, for this right belongs to aliens as well. A citizen is one who enjoys the right to share in the deliberative or judicial offices, is able to exercise his political rights effectively and enjoys constitutional rights under the system of public law.
For Aristotle, a citizen is one who shares power in the polis. He does not like Plato, distinguish between, ‘an active ruling group and a politically passive community’ (Wolin 1960: 57). He stipulates that the young and the old could not be citizens for the former is immature and the latter infirm. He does not regard women as citizens since the lack the deliberative faculty and the leisure to understand the working of politics. A good citizen has the intelligence and the ability to rule and to be rule. He, however. shares with Plato the perception that citizenship is a privilege and a status to be inherited. Aristotle points out that in order to discharge the functions effectively citizens need to inhabit a polis that is compact and close-knit.
Aristotle considers a good citizen as someone who could live in harmony with the constitution and has sufficient leisure time to devote himself to the tasks and responsibilities of citizenship. He regards the existence of diversity of interests within a citizenbody, as essential to the practice of citizenship for a good government could be attained only through a balance of these interests. A good citizen would possess virtue or moral goodness that would help in realizing a selfless and co-operative civic life. Aristotle regards citizenship as a bond forged by the intimacy of participation in public affairs. The bond is moreover a relationship which is guarded with some jealousy by those privileged to enjoy.
4. What are the essential qualities of a good citizen? Explain.
Ans: The essential qualities of a good citizen are:
(a) Sound Health: A good citizen is robust and healthy. He is careful about the rules of health and observes them scrupulously. Only a sound body has a sound mind.
(b) Intelligence and Education: A good citizen is intelligent enough to shift good from bad and takes a dispassionate view of everything. He is educated. His education enables him to play his part in the society more successfully and usefully.
(c) Self control and Self confidence: A good citizen is sober in temperament and exercises self-control in his public dealings. He possesses a disciplined character. He does not indulge in vicious habits. He is self confident without being vain.
(d) Public Spirit: A good citizen is ready to take a living interest in all public affairs. He is prepared to fight for the rights of others and takes active part in all public activities.
(e) Self-sacrifice: A good citizen subordinates his self-interest to the interest of the community. He is imbued with the spirit of service and devotion to the common good.
(f) Honest exercise of Franchise: A good citizen is supposed to be honest in the exercise of his vote. Self interest or sectional interest of the state, class, religion or community does not prejudice his judgment.
(g) Sincere performance of Duties: A good citizen performs hin duties sincerely and faithfully. He co-operates with the state officials in the discharge of their duties and makes due payment of taxes.
(h) Right ordering of Loyalties: Good citizenship exists in the right ordering of loyalties. A citizen is the member of various social groups, i.e. family, locality, city, state and the world.
A citizen must sacrifice his narrower interest for the sake of wider interests If there is a conflict between the interests of the family and the locality one must sacrifice the interests of the family for the sake of the locality because the latter represents larger interests.
5. What are the differences between citizen and Alien.
Ans: Citizen is one who is a permanent resident of a state, owes allegiance to the state, and enjoys certain civil and political rights.
The main points of difference between a citizen and alien are:
(a) A citizen is a permanent resident of a state, while an alien is a temporary resident, who comes for a specific duration of time as a tourist or on diplomatic assignment.
(b) Citizens enjoy political rights and participate in the functioning of government, i.e., exercise their right to vote, right to contest elections and right to hold public office. Aliens do not possess such rights in the state where they reside temporarily. They however enjoy certain civil rights, i.e., the rights to life, personal properly and religion.
(c) Citizenship is the legal bond between the citizen and the state. It is a two way relationship between them. On one hand, the state maintains certain rights and privileges for the individuals, i.e., the citizens. On the other hand, the citizen owes allegiance to the state and performs a number of duties.
Natural citizenship is determined by two principles like:
(a) by blood or descent,
(b) by the place of birth.
Natural citizenship is automatically gained by birth while naturalized citizenship is acquired after fulfilling certain conditions laid down by the country Rules of acquiring citizenship vary from country to country.
6. Hindrances to good Citizenship – Explain.
Ans: There are various hindrances which do not allow the growth of good citizenship. Lord Bryce considers indolence, narrow self interest and party spirit as the main hindrances. In our country, ignorance, poverty, disease, communalism, caste system and social distinctions are equally great obstacles.
These arc discussed as follows:
(a) Indolence: Indolence, indifference, apathy and inactivity are great enemies of good citizenship. Active interest in public affairs is the foundation stone of good citizenship.
(b) Ignorance and Illiteracy: According to Laski, citizenship consists in the contribution of one’s instructed judgment to the public good. An ignorant and illiterate person is unable to make any such contribution. A citizen cannot have an enlightened interest in public affairs in the absence of education. Democracy degenerates into a mob rule in the hands of ignorant and illiterate people.
(c) Poverty: Poverty is the root cause of all evils. Good citizenship cannot develop in a country where gross inequalities of wealth exist. Poverty stems from the growth of personality and develops apathy and indifference towards public life. For building up the character of a nation, poverty must be rooted out and some economic minimum must be guaranteed to all.
(d) Disease: III health is a great weakness in a good citizen. Society expects the contribution of one’s mite to the public good. No contribution of any nature is possible if the citizens are unhealthy.
(e) Party Spirit: Political parties and democracy go hand in hand. But political parties create rivalries and hostilities among the people. Sometimes the interests of the community are sacrificed for the sake of the party.
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