SEBA Class 10 Social Science Chapter 7 in English Environment And Environmental Problems

SEBA Class 10 Social Science Chapter 7 in English Environment And Environmental Problems | Environment And Environmental Problems Class 10 Question Answer | Class 10 Social Science Question Answer in English Chapter 7 As Per New Syllabus to each Chapter is provided in the list of SCERT, NCERT, SEBA Class 10 Social Geography Part 2 Chapter 7 Question Answer in English/Class 10 Social Chapter 7 Question Answer in English Environment And Environmental Problems.

Join us Now

Class 10 Social Science Chapter 7 Environment And Environmental Problems

SEBA Class 10 Social Science Question Answer Chapter 7 Environment And Environmental Problems। Social Science Guide for Class 10th Chapter 7 in English | Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social In this post we have tried to explain to you that Class 10 Social Science Question Answer Chapter 7 in English. If you are a teacher or Student of English Medium, then this is for you. Notes for Class 10 Social Science In English Medium can be very beneficial। Ncert/Scert Social Class 10 Chapter 7 Please read this carefully. By studying this SEBA Class 10 Social Science Question Answer Chapter 7 carefully, you can get good marks in your upcoming examination.

Chapter 7 Environment And Environmental Problems

Part: II Geography

TEXTUAL EXERCISE & ANSWERS

1. Write in your own words the meaning of environment.

Ans. In a broad sense, Environment denotes the condition around an organism or a community of organism.

2. Mention some of the biotic and abiotic elements of environment.

Ans. Biotic elements: Plants, animals, insects, birds, ranging from to large animal. Abiotic elements: Soil, water, air including all liveless elements.

3. Write the meaning of lithosphere.

Ans. The land component of the earth composed of rocks, soils, minerals, etc, forms the lithosphere. The lithosphere covers all the continents where we find the mountains, hills, plateaus, plains, valleys and coasts. The characteristics of the lithosphere and its change in course of time depends on the other three components (hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere) of the earth’s environmental system.

4. What are the features included in the hydrosphere?

Ans. The features included in the hydrosphere are- Rivers, lakes and other water bodies distributed in the continents.

5. Write about the composition of the atmosphere.

Ans. The atmosphere is composed by Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon-di-oxide, Argon etc.

6. Give an outline of the extent of the biosphere.

Ans. The biosphere covers those parts of the earth’s environment where life forms occur.

7. Discuss briefly the relation among the four major components of environment.

Ans. The four major components of environment are:

(1) Lithosphere, (ii) Hydrosphere, (iii) Atmosphere and (iv) Biosphere.

These four major spheres of the earth’s environment are interdependent. The interactions among them have given rise to what we call environment. The innumerable elements of these spheres through a complicate network of relationship have determined the earth’s present environment.

8. Mention the major causes of environment change.

Ans. The major causes of environmental changes are:

(i) Population growth, (ii) Industrialization, (iii) Urbanization, (iv) Expansion of transport and communication.

9. Explain the meaning of environmental problem.

Ans. No environmental problem occurs, if the quality of the environmental elements and the mutual relations among them remain normal. At the beginning of the human civilization, there was no problem of pollution like to-day Natural phenomena like earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclones created some problem. but never took lives like today. People coexisted with all these.

Environmental problems did not disturb people badly so long the relation among the elements of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere were in balance. But during the last three hundred years or so world population and demand for resources increased so much that the relation among the environmental elements could not remain normal. All the spheres of the earth’s environment were put under the growing pressure of human activities. The forest cover declined on the one hand and the presence of Carbon-di-oxide in the atmosphere started increasing on the other. As a result, new problems began to appear. As these problems are basically linked with the environment, they are referred to as environmental problem.

10. Write geographical division of the environmental problems.

Ans. The environmental problem can be divided geographical in three different ways:

(i) Local problem.

(ii) Regional problem.

(iii) Global problem.

11. What is local environmental problem? Give examples?

Ans. The local environmental problems may remain confined to small areas, so far as their genesis and spread are concerned.

For example: The land pollution created by a small-scale industry, water scarcity in winter due to shallowing of a wetland, Bank erosion etc.

12. Give two examples of regional environmental problem.

Ans. The two examples of regional environmental problems are:

(i) The flood problem of the Brahmaputra or the Barak Valley.

(ii) Problem of water pollution in a vast industrial region.

13. Which problems are considered as global environmental problem?

Ans. Global warming, desertification, acid rain, rise of the sea levels etc are considered as global environmental problem.

14. Mention the major environmental problems of the world.

Ans. The major environmental problems of the world are: pollution, desertification, landslide, soil erosion, global warming, artificial flood, rise of sea level, global warming etc.

15. Give meaning of the term pollution.

Ans. The process of contamination of the environment by harmful substances is simply called pollution.

16. What is water pollution? How does it occur?

Ans. The natural state or quality of water gets changed when certain chemical substances, particles, microbes, radiations are added to or passed through it. The process of such change in water is called pollution.

In simple words pollution means the process of making water unusable due to mixing of some pollutions.

Generally the water is polluted if there are human settlements, industries agriculture etc. in the water sources, where from wastes gets mixed with water.

17. Write a short note on land pollution.

Ans. Land is an important element of nature. It is an indispensible resource for human being. The development of human civilization has been possible mainly based on this resource. But this regretable that the land is getting polluted due to basically human factors.

Land loose its natural properties and fertility, when it comes into content with certain chemicals, poisonous metals, industrial wastes, radioactive substances, acid rain and so on.

Generally, modern farming practice, expanding industries and increasing deforestation are held mainly responsible for land pollution.

The modernization of agriculture encourage the application of chemical fertilizer, irrigation, insecticides, etc. in the crop land. The application of chemical fertilizers causes change in the soil composition and properties.

The insecticides and weedincides applied in the fields destroy the helpful microbes and other life forms in addition to with certain chemicals, poisonous metals, industrial wastes, radioactive substances, acid rain and so on.

Generally, modern farming practice, expanding industries and increasing deforestation are held mainly responsible for land pollution.

The insecticides and weedincides applied in the fields destroy the helpful microbes and other life forms in addition to the targeted insects and weeds. All these pollute the land by changing its natural properties.

The industrial wastes and chemical substances also pollute land, if they get mixed with the soils.

The remains of coal and petroleum also pollute land when these are extracted from below the surface without proper case.

Thus land pollution has become a widespread problem in most parts of the world.

18. Write how air is polluted?

Ans. The natural state of the atmosphere may be changed, if certain solid liquid or gaseous substances are added to the atmosphere by some natural or human process. If such a change causes some harm to the biotic and abiotic elements, then the atmosphere is said to be polluted.

Among the natural factors that contribute towards polluting the atmosphere the important one is the volcanic eruption. The smoke, ashes and gases that come out from the earths interior during eruption pollute the air. For example, the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in philippines, 1991. During this eruption as high as 15-20 million tonnes of sulphur di-oxide (SO.) gas was emited to the atmosphere and the prevailing wind spread the pollutant to cover a huge part of the earth’s atmosphere.

Primarily the human activities are responsible for polluting the atmosphere. The growth of industries, urbanization, growth of vehicular traffic and nuclear explosions are some of the major man-made factors that cause air pollutions.

One of the important consequences of atmospheric pollution is the occurence of acid rain.

19. What is a desert? Give the defination of desertification.

Ans. Where the rainfall is scarce but evaporation is more, the entire environment is clay, natural vegetation is also found scarce. Such type of landmass is called desert.

Desertification is such a process which renders the productive areas of the tropical region a desert like situation.

The term desertification, however, denotes the spread of the deserts to their peripheral areas.

20. Mention the causes of desertification.

Ans. The causes of desertification are natural and human factors. The natural factors are:

(i) drought.

(ii) global warming.

And the human factors are:

(i) Overgrazing.

(ii) Expansion of agriculture.

(iii) Deforestation etc.

21. Is it possible to control desertification?

Ans. The solution of the problems of desertification is now a challenging task before the people of the world. Without international cooperation, it will not be possible to resolve this issue. As it is linked with the process like global warming, desertification has gradually acquired a very complicated dimension. The problem will be more intensified, if human activities are directed against nature. It is therefore important to take steps for reducing desertification.

22. What is global warming? Mention its causes.

Ans. Global warming is the warming of the earth’s atmosphere due to radiated in frared radiations by CO,, CH,, O, NO,. These greenhouse gases allow light infrared radiation and some ultraviolet radiation from the sun to pass through the troposphere. The earth’s surface absorbs much of this solar energy and degrads it to longer wave infrared radiation, 1.e. heat which then rises some of this heat into space, some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases, warming the air and some radiates back toward the earth’s surface. Global warming is caused by the rising absorption of these green house gases.

The main causes of Global warming are:

(i) Greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) methane (CH₄). Ozone (O₂) etc.,

(ii) Volcanic eruption also caused increase of green house gases.

23. What are the probable consequences of global warming?

Ans. The probable consequence of global warming are:

(i) Melting of show in the polar wears, (ii) Rise of sea level, (iii) Change in the growth and distribution of plants and animals, (iv) Fall of crop output, (v) Desertification etc.

24. Write how to control global warming?

Ans. The measures to control global warming are as follows:

(i) Try to control the emission CO, in the atmosphere of the earth.

(ii) Conventions on climate change puts an obligation on very signatory state take the effective steps.

(ii) Accord should be signed for mandatory acts is emission of green house gases

(iv) Man-made disaster should be managed.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:

1. The gas which has made highest contribution to Global Warming dioxide is:

(a) Methane.

(b) Chlorofluorocarbon.

(d) Carbon.

Ans. (d) Carbon-di-oxide.

2. The global Warming is a-

(a) Local problem.

(b) National problem.

(d) International problem.

Ans. (d) International problem.

3. The atmosphere extends to a height of about from the surface of the earth is

(a) 480 km.

(b) 430km.

(d) 440km.

Ans. (a) 480 km.

4. The Nitrogen content in the atmosphere is-

(a) 77.07%.

(b) 78.08%.

(d) 74.04%.

Ans. (b) 78.08%

5. The oxygen content in the atmosphere is-

(a) 20.94%.

(b) 21.12%.

(d) 03.35%.

Ans. (a) 20.94%.

6. The Argon content in the atmosphere is-

(a) 0.08%.

(b) 0.93%.

(d) 0.01%.

Ans. (b) 0.93%

7. What is the proportion of carbon dioxide in atmosphere-

(a) 0.00035%.

(b) 0.035%.

(d) 3.35%.

Ans. (b) 0.035%.

8. Which one of the following gases is not responsible for global warming?

(a) Carbon dioxide.

(b) Ozone.

(d) Nitrous Oxide.

Ans. (b) Ozone.

Very Short Type Questions and Answers:

1. How much area of the earth’s surface is covered by lithosphere?

Ans: About 29%.

2. What are the features included in the lithosphere?

Ans: The features included in the lithosphere are: Mountains, hills, plateaus, plains, valleys and coasts.

3. How much area of the earth’s surface is covered by hydrosphere?

Ans: About 71%.

4. What is the height that the atmosphere extends from the surface of the earth?

Ans: The atmosphere extends broadly to height of about 480 km from the surface of the earth.

5. How much species of plants and animals have been identified in the biosphere?

Ans: About 175 million.

6. How much the carbon-di-oxide content in the atmosphere in normal condition?

Ans: 0.035%

7. How much solar energy does the atmosphere absorbed?

Ans: 19%.

8. What is the main causes of air pollution?

Ans: The important causes of air pollution is volcanic eruption.

9. When did eruption of Mount Pinatuba take place?

Ans: Eruption of Mount Pintauba, take place in 1991.

10. How much of the world’s land surface do deserts cover?

Ans: About 20%.

11. What percent of the worlds land surface is affected by the process of desertification.

Ans: About 35%.

12. Name the continent where the proportion of area severely affected by desertification is very high.

Ans: North America.

13. Name the famous geographic who said “the environment is the outcome of the interaction among land, water, air and life.”

Ans: Peter Haggett, the famous geographer said, “the environment is the outcome of the interaction among land, water, air and life.”

14. Name two green house gases?

Ans: Mithene and Argon.

15. What is the height that the atmosphere extends from the surface of the earth?

Ans: About 480 k.m.

16. What part of the earth’s environment does the biosphere cover?

Ans: The biosphere covers those parts of the earth’s environment where life from occur.

17. What is called cold desert?

Ans: The snow, covered areas of the polar regions are called cold desert.

18. What is called landslids?

Ans: Landslide means slipping down of the land over the slopes.

19. How many countries of the world have faced the problem of desertification.

Ans: At present, the dry areas of about 100 countries of world have faced the problem of desertification.

20. Where is the Sahara desert?

Ans: The Sahara desert is in the continent of Africa.

21. Define Global warming?

Ans: The rise in temperature due to the blanketing effect of increased level of greenhouse gases is termed as global warming.

22. What is environment?

Ans: The surroundings of mankind, a result of the interaction of abiotic and biotic elements is called environment.

23. What is drought?

Ans: Lack of water for an unusually long period is drought.

24. What are dams?

Ans: Dams are the devices for storing water. They are usually made of concrete or of rock.

25. What is deforestation?

Ans: Deforestation is the conversion of forest to cropland and land for shifting cultivation. The forest area is diminished in the process.

26. What is soil erosion?

Ans: The process detactment of soil particules from the soil surface and their transportation from the original soil surface in the soil erosion.

29. What is Landslide?

Ans: Loosening and falling of a part of land downslope is landslide. Rainfall is one of the causes of Landslids.

30. What is pollution?

Ans: Pollution is the contamination of our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings.

Short Type Questions and Answers

1. What are the major spheres of the earth that determined the environment?

Ans: The major spheres of the earth are: (i) Atmosphere, (ii) Lithosphere, (iii) Biosphere and (iv) Hydrosphere.

2. What are biotic elements?

Ans: Some elements have life. They are called biotic elements. For example: Sorts of plants and animals ranging from microbes to large mammals, birds, insects etc.

3. What are abiotic elements?

Ans: Some elements do not have life. The are called abiotic elements.

For example: Land, water, air, soil and all the lifeless elements of the world.

4. What do you meant by environment according to the famous geography Peter Haggett?

Ans: The famous geography Peter Haggett says that the environment is an outcome of the interaction among land, water, air and life.

5. What do you mean by Hydrosphere?

Ans: The water bodies including sea, ocean, lack, river, pond etc distributed in the earth is called hydrosphere.

6. What do you mean by atmosphere?

Ans: From the earth’s surface upward extends a gaseous layer. Composed of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon-di-oxide, Argon etc. this gaseous layer is called atmosphere.

7. Mention the composition of Atmosphere?

Ans: The atmosphere is composed by various gases like Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon-di-oxide, Argon etc.

8. What part of the earth’s surface does the biosphere cover?

Ans: The biosphere covers those parts of the earth’s environment where life forms occur. These include the earth’s surfaces, down to a few meters from the earth’s surface, the sea and oceans and the lower stractum of the atmosphere where birds and insects fly.

9. What do you mean by Biosphere?

Ans: The earth’s surface including the seas and oceans and the lower stratum of the atmosphere where birds and animals fly is called the biosphere.

10. What is Regional problem? Give examples.

Ans: Some problems may be regional in occurance. Those problems are called Regional problem.

For example: (i) The flood problem of the Brahmaputra or the Barak Valley, (ii) Problem of water pollution in a vast industrial region, (iii) Problem of underground water shortage in an urban area, (iv) Problem of soil erosion in a river basin.

11. What is Global problem? Give examples.

Ans: Some environmental problems cover the entire world. Such problems are called global problem.

For example: (i) Global warming and (ii) Acid rain.

12. Mention the major man-made factors which are the causes of air pollutions.

Ans: The major man-made factors causes that of air pollution are: (i) The growth of industries, (ii) Urbanization, (iii) Growth of vehicles traffic and nuclear explosions.

13. Mention some different types of Environmental problem.

Ans: The different types of environmental problems are:

(i) Desertification, (ii) Landslides, (iii) Soil erosion, (iv) Global warming (iv) Artificial flood, (v) Rise of sea level.

14. What is Pollutant? Give examples.

Ans: Many of the man-made substances, if added largely to the environment, it may cause harm to the biotic world. Such substance are generally called pollutants.

For example: Zinc, sulphur-di-oxide, carbon-monoxide, etc are some of the environmental pollutants.

15. What are the major elements of environment?

Ans: The major elements of environment are:

(i) land (ii) water and (iii) air.

16. Name three causes of land pollution.

Ans: The causes of land pollution are:

(i) Modern farming practice, (ii) Expanding industries and (iii) increasing deforestation.

17. What gases are responsible for creating environmental problems?

Ans: The gases responsible for creating environmental problems are:

(i) Carbon-di-oxide, (ii) Nitrogen oxide, (iii) Hydrocarbon, (iv) Sulphur dioxide, (v) Nitrogen oxide, (vi) Methane.

18. Name three causes of water pollution.

Ans: The three causes of water pollution are:

(i) Human Settlement, (ii) Industries and (iii) Agriculture.

19. What are the different types of Pollution? Name them.

Ans: The different types of pollution are:

(i) Air pollution (ii) Water pollution and (ii) Soil pollution.

20. What is Bordoichila?

Ans: During the summer seasons, particularly in the pre-monsoon period a kind of strong storms like cyclonic storms are blown over the Assam valley. This kind of storm is called Bordoichila.

Essay Type Questions and Answers

1. What is ‘Global Warming’ Suggest there suitable measures to check global warming.

Ans: Due to greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature of the earth is at about 15°C and the earth becomes hospitable for a variety of life forms. If the GHGs do not perform this function, most of the energy would escape, leaving the earth cold (about -18°C) and the earth would become unfit to support life. Heat trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere keeps the planet warm enough to allow us and other species to exist.

But due to different natural as well as anthropogenic activities the concentration of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased during the past several decades. Scientists estimate that the earth’s average temperature has increases by 0.3 0.6°C since the beginning of the last century. Ever since the industrial revolution began 150 years ago, man-made activities have added significant quantities of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have grown by about 31%, 171% and 17% respectively between 1750 and 2000. (IPCC, 2001) The rise in temperature due to the blanketing effect of increased level of greenhouse gases is termed as global warming.

The measures to control global warming are as follows:

(i) Try to control the emission CO, in the atmosphere of the earth.

(ii) Conventions on climate change puts an obligation on very signatory state to take effective steps.

(iii) Accord should be signed for mandatory cuts is emission of green house gases.

2. What are environmental problem? Explain the geographical division of the environmental problem?

Ans: No environmental problem occurs, if the quality of the environmental elements and the mutual relations among them remain normal. At the beginning of the human civilization, there was no problem of pollution like to-day. Natural phenomena like earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclones created some problem, but never took lives like today. People coexisted with all these.

Environmental problems may be classified in different ways. According to the origin they may be classified as: (i) Tectonic problems (earthquake, volcanic, eruption. Tsunami, etc.) (ii) Wind related problems (cyclones, storms, etc.), (iii) Deforestation related problems (soil erosion, landslide. etc.), (iv) Pollution problems (land pollution, water pollution, air pollution etc.). From geographical view points also, the problems may be classified. Generally on the basis of geographical extent, the problems may be divided into three types: (i) Local problem, (ii) Regional problem and (iii) Global problem.

Local Problem: So far the origin and extent are concerned, some problems may remain confined to small areas; for examples, the land pollution caused by a small industry land rendered infertile by a small river through sand- casting, water scarcity problem caused by a drinking wetland in winter, bank erosion caused by a river at a particular site and so on. As such problems are limited to certain specific areas, they may be treated as local problems. Local problems are generally of the type which can be easily solved.

Regional Problem: Some problems may occur covering a particular region. The problem of desertification in Sahel, a region on the south of Sahara; flood problem of the Brahmaputra and Barak valleys of Assam; land and water pollution problems of big industrial regions; underground water related problem of city regions and soil erosion problem in river basins are examples of regional environmental problems. A regional problem may sometimes cover more than one country.

Global Problem: There are environmental problems which occur covering the entire world. Such problems do not have any distinct boundary. The problem of global warming may be cited as an example here. As it is an atmospheric phenomenon, it knows no bound. Global warming affects not only the atmosphere, but also the hydrosphere, lithosphere etc.

3. What is meant by Landslide?

Ans: Landslide is the movement of a part of the earth’s surface (with attached material) downslope towards the stream. Natural land slides are caused due to endogenetic force coming from within the earth. It is again caused by anthropogenic factors such as constructions of roads, buildings, dams etc, and clearance of forests.

Landslide, in geology are an accumulation of earth or rocks that slides downward a vertical slope. Earthquakes or heavy rains can caused landslides Characteristics of Landslides: (i) Warning period may vary. (ii) Speed of onset is mostly rapid, (iii) Damage to structures and system can be severe, (iv) Rivers may be clogged leading to flooding. (v) Maya effect crops.

Land Slides: It is difficult to resist to landslides because they are related with geology, climate, earthquake and land use. Normally we can not control the above factors other than the last factor. So to mitigate the problem we can take measure to control only erosion, drainage and land use. We can effectively resist land slide by preventing deforestation, by stretching iron and jute nets around the slopes.

4. What is the main causes of landslide?

Ans: The main causes of landslide are:

(a) Wind and heavy rainfall.

(b) Temperature variation.

(e) Deforestation.

5. Write about the precaution that may be adopted for protection from earthquake hazard.

What kind precautionary measures should be taken by the people an earthquake prone area to reduce the extent of causation?

Ans: Precaution to be adopted for protection from earthquake hazard are:

(i) The elder member of family first allowed their children to escape from house.

(ii) People should not kept themselves in the house during earthquake rather they should come out without Panic.

(iii) The areas where earthquake happened frequently, residential houses should not be RCC rather constructed with woods and other light materials.

(iv) We should off the switches of electricity and gas line during the time of earthquake.

(v) On high building we should not use lift to escape. We should come out by run to open places.

(vi) We should at least all members of the family during night and help each other to come out carefully from the building.

(vii) If there is no way come out early from the building we should keep ourself in the corner of the room.

6. What do you mean by environmental management?

Ans: The increasing human pressure has negatively influenced the earth’s environment. In many places, organisms find it difficult to get necessary resources for their living. Like many other states of India in this marginal state of Assam also, environment is affected by the growing population pressure in a variety of ways. If such pressure continues unabated, the state will have to face serious problems in near future. It will be increasingly difficult to meet the requirements of the growing population with the locally available natural resources. Therefore, it is urgently needed to mitigate the problems through environment-friendly management. Environmental management emphasises on long-term sustainability of environment through rational use of resources and takes care so that the environment does not get unnecessarily affected in the name of development. In this respect, the following points may be noteworthy:

(i) All kinds of development should be based on the fundamental idea of sustainable development. In sustainable development, attention is paid so that (a) in the process of development environment is least disturbed, (b) development becomes useful and acceptable for all sections of people, (c) development becomes economically viable and (d) the basic requirements of the future generations remain protected.

(ii) Preparation of realistic plans and programmes based on the study of the origin and spread of the problems, areas affected and the character of the problems is highly required. We can take up the problem of flood here as an example. For an acceptable solution of the problem, the following points need special attention.

(a) historical background of flood, (b) causes of flood, (c) identification of areas regularly or occasionally affected by flood, (d) nature and degree of damages, (e) analysis of the perception and opinions of the people living in the flood-affected areas, (f) analysis of the positive impacts of flood and (g) evolving eco-friendly strategies for mitigation of flood and their implementation with the participation of the people.

The environment-friendly strategies thus evolved can make sustainable development possible in the flood-affected areas at the expected level. If what type of agriculture, livestock farming, pisciculture, road construction etc will be befitting to the situation of the flood-affected areas can be appro-priately determined, then the idea of sustainable development can be materialised. However, management of the floodplains of the river is also an important aspect of mitigating flood problem. Because, it is the floodplain in which humans and their economic activities are affected by flood. Floodplain management is, in fact, an important component of overall environmental management of a region. Similarly, in the case of problems like landslides also, the intensity of the problems can be minimised by adopting appropriate environmental management strategies.

7. Write the meaning of sustainable development.

Ans: The bourgeoning population, rapid urbanization and accelerated rates of industrialization in recent times have brought about tremendous pressure on land, water and other natural resources leading to deterioration of environmental quality, loss of life forms and depletion of vast natural resources. Deterioration of the environmental quality and economic growth and development are inextricably linked. Towards the later part of 20th century, there emerged a new concept called sustainable development where the issue of environmental safety are taken care of in the development plan itself. Today, the need for maintaining balance in nature or environmental quality through the concept of sustainable development is emphasized by conservationists, environmentalists, planners and decision makers alike.

The concept of sustainable development has gained much importance since the publication of Brundtland Report, Our Common Future, in 1987 under the auspices of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987). According to Brundtland, sustainable development is “development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs”.

Actually sustainable development is a type of development which can sustain for a long time in favour of the present and future of human society. Sustainable development stands against the discriminating development designed for fulfilling the interest of the powerful section of the society. Environmental problems may be greatly reduced, if development is managed on the basis of the idea of sustainable development.

8. What type of management may be taken upto migrate the problem of flood in Assam?

Ans: Flood in Assam is burning issue of the time. Thousand and thousands people lost their family and properties during rainy season. To migrate this issue proper planning and programmes are necessary based on the origin and depth of the problem. Proper management is required based on the character and nature of the problem. Given below some points may take attention to this problem.

(i) Finding out the historical background of flood and research on it.

(ii) Finding out the root of the cause and study about this to take solution.

(iii) Identify the flood affected region and proper precautions should be adopted.

(iv) Nature and degree of damage and maintain it frequently.

(v) By analysing the opinion of the flood affected people and take action accordingly.

(vi) The Govt. should take eco-friendly strategies and scientific method for overcoming it.

(vii) Management of the flood plains the river is also an important aspect of mitigating flood problems.

9. Write a short notes on flood. Mention its characteristic.

Ans: A flood can be defined as the height, or stage of water above some given point, such as the banks of a river channel. Flood hazard consists of the threat to life or property posed by rising or spilling water. Flood occurs when a river rises above its normal level and overflow its banks.

River floods are the most frequent and often the most devastating in India in comparison to all other disasters that occur in the country. Peculiari- ties in rainfall are the main cause for the occurrence of floods in the country. Three fourths of total annual rainfall in the country is concentrated over a short monsoon season of three to four months. Consequently, heavy release of water from the rivers during this period also causes widespread floods. Nearly 40 million hectares of land in the country is flood-prone. Each year on an average 18.6 million hectares of land is inundated.

Characteristics of Floods:

(i) Long, short or no warning, depending on the types of flood.

(ii) Speed of onset may be gradual or sudden.

(iii) May be seasonal patterns to flooding.

(iv) Major effects arise mainly from inundation and erosion.

10. Write four causes of flood.

Ans: When water over flows river channel, the vast area of the river basin gets submerged. This is flood 3.5% of the total geographical area containing 16.5% of the world’s population becomes flood affected each year.

Loss of human life and property, damage to environment, epidemics etc. are the menaces to flood.

Causes: The causes of floods are both natural and artificial. They are:

(i) High rainfall.

(ii) Excessive siltation in the river-channels.

(iii) Cyclonic storm driving tidal waves to the costal areas.

(iv) Land slides in the hilly areas.

11. Write a short notes on Tsunami. Mention its characteristic.

Ans: Earthquake that takes place under huge water bodies like oceans causes Tsunamis. The epicentres of these earthquakes are on water surface Tsunami is a giant wave or even a series of waves that originates in the sea or ocean.

The energy released due to earthquake travels at 3.6 to 6.8 km/second However, when this energy hits a water body, there is a greater elastic effect and the wave slow down to about 800-900 km per hour. This energy then gets dissipated along the surface of the water body

Characteristics of Tsunami:

(i) Starts with an initial wave velocity of as high as 900 kph (560 mph). when the wave strikes land it declines to approximately 50 kph (31 mph).

(ii) The distance from position of wave origin gives the warning time.

(iii) Variations will be there on the speed of starting.

(iv) Noticeable depression of normal water level preceding the arrival of wave leads to impact on beaches.

(v) The force can lead to floods, salt-water pollution of crops, soil and water provisions, also devastation or harm to buildings, structures and seashore vegetation.

12. Write a short notes on Tropical cyclone. Mention its characteristic.

Ans: Tropical cyclones are a severe kind of cyclone that occur over warm ocean waters in the tropics. The cyclones are called hurricanes it they from in the West Indies or the Eastern Pacific and typhoons if they from in the Western Pacific. With a lengthy coastline of 5700 kms, India is exposed to tropical cyclones occurring in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Out of the six major cyclone-prone regions in the World the Indian Ocean is also one. Normally between April and May cyclones take place in India.

Characteristics of Tropical Cyclone:

(a) Usually long warning. (b) Speed of onset gradual, (c) Tends to conform to seasonal model, (d) Destructive force winds, storm surge and flooding from powerful rainfall cause major effects, (e) Landslides may follow flooding and heavy rainfall, (f) Destruction and or severe damage may be caused to building and other structures, roads, essentials services Major loss of life and livestock may occur

13. What is soil Pollution? Identify the sources of soil pollution.

Ans: Soil is the upper most part of the earth crust and is a mixture of organic as well as weathered rock and materials necessary for the plant growth. Soil system is indeed very complex and dynamic. It is formed as a result of long term process of complex interactions, disintegration and decomposition of rocks due to weathering leading to the production of mineral matrix in close association with interstitial organic matter. Dumping of various types of specially domestic and industrial wastes, application of pesticides in the agricultural fields etc make the soil polluted. Even the fertility of soil decreases due to addition of a number of different types of toxic materials.

Sources of soil pollution: The following sources have been found to be responsible for soil pollution: (a) Industrial wastes (b) Urban wastes (c) Agricultural practices/wastes (d) Municipal wastes (e) Radioactive pollutants (f) Biological agents.

14. Mention few effects of soil pollution.

Ans: (a) Industrial wastes consist of a variety of chemicals which are extremely toxic Chemicals like acids, alkalis, pesticides (weedicides, fungicides, insecticides, rodenticides), heavy metals etc affect soil fertility and ultimately affect human health.

(b) Some of the persistent toxic organic chemicals inhibit the non-target organisms, soil flora and fauna and reduce soil productivity. These chemicals accumulate in food chain and ultimately affect man and other animals.

(c) Sewage sludge has many types of pathogenic microorganisms which may cause various diseases. Varieties of soil transmitting diseases like giardiasis, tetanus etc are caused by soil pollution.

(d) Nitrogen and phosphorus from the fertilizers in soil reach nearby waterbodies with agricultural run off and cause eutrophication.

(e) The problem of radioactive wastes dumped into the soil is more complicated.

This is so because every radioactive element like radium, uranium, thorium, plutonium etc can remain active in soil for thousands of years. Since radioactive wastes are produced in huge quantities and have higher activation energy, they create an extremely difficult public health problem.

15. What is soil pollution? Mention its few causes and how can it be controlled?

Ans: Soil is non-renewable resource. So soil-pollution is to be taken up with great importance. Formation of one inch of top soil requires hundreds of years. Unfortunately this precious resource is being contaminated in various ways.

Causes:

Erosion: Erosion degrades soil. Human activities like farming, construction of buildings, destroying of grass land, deforestation are responsible for the loss of top soil. This degradation of soil is a kind of soil pollution.

Excess use of fertilizers & pesticides: Fertilizers and pesticides are used in modern agriculture, These affect the natural fertility of soil. Soil is degraded, in other words, soil is polluted.

Irrigation: Unless irrigation is carried properly the croplands suffer salination Precipitation of soluble salts due to irrigation decreases the productivity of the land. TIns is thus soil is polluted by irrigation.

Water Logging: Unplanned irrigation creates waterlogging degrading the land. This is how land is polluted.

Deposit of wastes: Wastes, domestic or industrial, include refused plastics, broken glass and metals. These are degrade land.

Effects: Soil pollution due to fertilizers and pesticides affects entire food chain and ecosystem.

Pollution decrease the natural fertility of land.

Soil pollution due to salination turns land unproductive.

Soil pollution due to deforestation etc. leads to expansion of desert.

Control of soil pollution:

(a) Land pollution due to salinity can be controlled by flashing freshwater on salt deposit. Extra water can be drained out to prevent degradation of land by waterlogging.

(b) Building etc. should be constructed after proper soil-test of the sites of construction.

(c) Plastics can be recycled and used. The style of ‘use and throw’ should be controlled for reduction of soil pollution.

(d) Judicious use of fertilizers and pesticides can help the controlling of land pollution.

(e) Industrial effluents should be properly treated before discharging them on the soil.

(f) Solid wastes should be properly segregated as biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes at source and then disposed off by adopting effective scientific methods.

(g) Use of bio-fertilizers should be encouraged instead of chemical fertilizers.

(h) Application of pesticides should be controlled.

(i) Bioremediation can be adopted for degradation of toxic chemicals present in soil.

(j) Necessary enactment of laws should be made for panel action against those who are involved in polluting soil.

(k) Awareness should be created among the people.

16. Mention few prevention of pollution.

Ans: Human actions on the environment are leading to a congregation of environmental problems. Individuals should not only be aware of various environmental issues and the consequences of their actions on the environment, but also they should make a firm resolution to increase environmentally ethical lifestyles rather than be only aware of various environment issues.

Measures to prevent pollution include:

(i) Developing Respect for all forms of life.

(ii) Planting trees in turn decreases the air pollution.

(iii) The usage of wood and paper products should be reduced as much as possible.

(iv) Help in restoring a degraded area through aforestation programmes.

(v) Using small quantities of pesticides only when absolutely necessary.

(vi) Advocating organic farming to reduce the use of pesticides.

(vii) Switching off the lights and fans when not in use.

(viii) Aerosol spray products and commercial air-fresheners should not be used as they harm the ozone layer.

(ix) Avoiding plastic carry bags and using cloth bags.

17. What is air pollution? Identify the sources of air pollution.

Ans: Air pollution may be defined as the presence of one or more pollutants/contaminants like dust, smoke, mist, odour, suspended particulate matter (SPM) etc in the atmosphere which are injurious to human being, plants and other animals or which unreasonably obstruct the comfortable enjoyment of life and property.

Air pollution may be described as “the imbalance in quality of air so as to cause adverse effects on the living organisms existing on earth.” The presence of one or more contaminants in the atmosphere in such quantity and for such duration as is injurious or tends to be injurious to human health or welfare, affect other animal or plant life may be called air pollution.

Sourced of air pollution: Major sources of air pollution can be of two types:

1. Natural sources

(a) Volcanic eruption: releasing poisonous gases like SO,, H,S, CO etc.

(b) Forest fires: In the areas of tropical region throughout the year forest fire is a common feature. Very large quantities of smoke and particulate matter are liberated during their breakout.

(d) Dust: Dust is always present in the atmosphere in varying amount.

(e) Pollen grains of flowers: The pollution is also caused by the production of pollens in the spring season. Pollens or aeroallergens enter the atmosphere from weeds, grasses and trees. They are mainly responsible for causing allergy.

(f) Fungal spores: Micro-organisms such as algae, fungi, bacteria, yeasts, rusts, spores etc are present as variable particles in the atmosphere.

(g) Radioactive materials: The radioactive materials present in the earth crust and action of cosmic rays from outer space on gaseous constituents of the atmosphere are mainly responsible for radioactivity of the atmosphere.

2. Man-made sources

(a) Deforestation, (b) Burning of fossil fuels, (c) Emission from vehicles, (d) Rapid industrialisation, (e) Modern agricultural practices.

18. What is water pollution? Mention few causes of water pollution.

Ans: Water is highly susceptible to contamination because it can dissolve many chemicals in it. So pure water is very much rare. Most of the water bodies are polluted. Industrial growth and urbanisation are mainly responsible for such water pollution.

Water thus being contaminated by some interfering chemicals becomes unusable. This is water pollution.

Causes of water pollution are many as under:

(i) Domestic sewage (ii) Organic wastes (iii) Inorganic plant-nutrients (iv) Industrial wastes (v) Agricultural reasons (vi) Radioactive isotopes.

(i) Domestic Sewage: Domestic and human wastes contain disease- causing agents like bacteria, virus, protozoa and parasitic warms to pollute water. The greater the amount of wastes in water greater is the chance of water pollution.

(ii) Organic wastes: Organic wastes are decomposed by some kinds of bacteria. These bacteria use up oxygen from water degrading the quality.

(iii) Inorganic plant-nutrients: Inorganic plant-nutrients (water soluble nitrates & phosphates) pollute water by encouraging the growth of aquatic plants etc. These plants pollutant water by reducing O, of water.

(iv) Industrial wastes: Industrial pollutants vary depending on the type of industry, Sulphides, bleaching liquors, pathogens, Tertiary ammonium compounds, fats and fatty acids, sulphonated hydrocarbons etc. are the pollutants. Unless the waste water of the industries is processed appropriately the above agents pollute the surface water of nature.

(v) Agricultural wastes: Modern agriculture is unthinkable without the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Fertilizers and pesticides contain N, K and P The pesticides namely fungicides and herbicides contain chlorinated hydrocarbons, metallic salts etc. The excess fertilizers and pesticides pollute ground water as well as surface water.

Radioactive isotopes: Soluble radioactive isotopes pollute water. Such water damages genes causing birth defect etc.

20. Mention few sources of water pollution.

Ans: The following sources have been identified as the sources of water pollution (a) Domestic wastes (b) Industrial effluents (c) Agricultural wastes (d) Run off from urban areas (e) Soluble effluents (f) Oil spills (g) Seepage pits (h) Refuse dumps (i) Solid wastes (j) Thermal pollutants (k) Radioactive nuclides (l) Particulates and atmospheric gases (m) Infectious agents etc.

Notes of Class 10 Social Science in English Medium | English Medium Class 10 Social Notes In this post we have tried to explain to you that English Medium Class 10 Social Science Question Answer | SEBA Class 10 Social Science Question Answer In English Chapter 7 If you are a English Medium Teacher or Student then it can be beneficial for you.

Note: If you find any Mistakes in this chapter, please tell us or correct yourself and read. Thank you.

Class 10 Social Science Chapter 7 Environment And Environmental Problems

Chapter 7 Environment And Environmental Problems

TEXTUAL EXERCISE & ANSWERS

Share this:

Related

Related Posts

Leave a ReplyCancel reply