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Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 The World Population Distribution, Density & Growth
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Unit 2 The World Population Distribution, Density & Growth
(PART – A)
A. MULTIPLE CHOICES QUESTIONS & ANSWER: (MARKS – 1)
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
1. Which one of the following continents has the highest growth of population?
(a) Africa
(b) South America
(c) Asia
(d) Australia
Ans: (a) Africa.
2. Which one of the following is, to an area of sparse population?
(a) The Atacama
(b) South-east Asia
(c) Equatorial region
(d) Polar region
Ans: (b) South-east Asia.
B. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
3. Give two geographical factors that influence the distribution of population.
Ans: Three geographical factors that influenced on the distribution of population are:
(i) Landforms,
(ii) Climate,
(iii) Soils.
4. What are the three components of population change?
Ans: The three components of population change are:
(a) Birth
(b) Deaths
(c) Migration (in-migration and out-migration).
5. How much population has the world recorded at the beginning of the 21″ century’?
Ans: At the beginning of 21st century, the world has recorded the presence of over 600 crore population.
6. How are the people of a country its real wealth?
Ans: The people of a country its real wealth are:
(i) The people of a country are its real wealth.
(ii) They make use of the country’s resources and decide its policies
(iii) Ultimately the country is known by its people.
7. What do you mean by Density of population?
Ans: Number of people living per unit area (per square kilometre of area) is called Density of Population.
Example: India has 324 people per square kilometre of area as density of population (2001).
8. What do you understand by Negative growth of Population?
Ans: If the population decreases between two points of time it is known as negative growth of population. It occurs when the birth rate falls below the death rate or people migrate to other countries.
C. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER: (MARKS – 3)
1. How science and technology helped population growth?
Ans: The science and technology helped population growth are:
(i) The steam engine replaced human and animal energy.
(a) It also provided mechanized energy of water and wind.
(b) It increased agricultural and industrial production.
(ii) Inoculation against epidemics and other communicable diseases, improvement in medical facilities and sanitation contributed to a rapid decline in death rates throughout the world.
(iii) These helped the population grow fast.
2. What are the pull and push factors of reintegration?
Ans: Push Factors:
(i) Push factors of those factors by which people move outwards from the place of their origin.
(ii) Natural Calamities like, floods, droughts, epidemics, unpleasant climate, poor living conditions are the examples of push factors of population migration.
Pull factors:
(i) Pull factors of population migration are those which causes people come in a place from outside places.
(ii) Fertile soil, job opportunities, peace and stability, pleasant climate better living conditions etc., are some examples of pull factors of population migration.
3. Where is population exploding? Why is this so?
Ans: The population exploding are:
(i) Population is exploding in the developing countries. It is because of the following reasons:
(a) Food supply
(b) Hot and suitable climate
(c) Reproductive period is more extensive
(d) Illiteracy
(e) Poverty-needs more earning hands.
(f) Children considered to be gifts of God.
(g) Religious factors.
Population Growth Rates (%) 1995-2000
| High | Low | ||||
| LiberiaSomaliaYemenSaudi ArabiaOman | 8.24.23.73.43.3 | LatviaEstonia Russia, Ukraine Albania, Bulgaria Croatia Slovenia, Czech Republic Germany, Portugal; Spain, Italy Denmark | – 1.5– 1.2 – 0.6 – 0.1 0 | ||
4. Describe these Spatial patterns of population change.
Ans: Spatial patterns of population change:
(i) Population growth in different parts of the world can be compared.
(a) It is low in developed countries.
(b) It is high in developing countries.
(c) There is negative correlation between economic development and population growth.
(ii) Although the annual rate of population change seems to below, it is actually not so.
This is because of the following reasons:
(a) When a small annual rate is applied to a very large population it leads to a large population change.
(b) Even if the growth rate continues to decline, the total population grove coach year.
(c) The infant mortality rate has increased as has the death rate during childbirth.
5. Explain the impact of population change.
Ans: Impact of population change:
(i) A small increase in population is desirable in a growing economy.
(ii) Population growth beyond a certain level leads to problems.
(iii) The problems are enumerated below:
(a) Of these the depletion of resources is the most serious.
(b) Resources that had supported a population earlier are now insufficient to maintain the population.
6. Briefly discuss population control measures.
Ans: The population control measures are:
(A) Family planning is the spacing or preventing the birth of children.
(i) Access to family planning services is a significant factor in limiting population growth and improving women’s health.
(ii) Some of the measures are:
(a) Propaganda,
(b) Free disincentives for large families. These measures help population control.
(B) According to Thomas Malthus (1793) the number of people would increase faster than the food supply.
(i) Any further increase would result in a population crash caused by famine, disease and war.
(ii) The preventive checks are better than the physical checks.
(iii) For the sustainability of our resources, the world has to control the rapid population growth.
7. Give a note on population growth.
Ans: The note on population growths are:
(i) The population growth refers to the change in number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time.
(ii) This is also called population change.
(iii) Population change may be positive as well as negative.
(iv) It is expressed either in terms of absolute number or in terms of percentage.
(v) Population change in an area is an important indicator of:
(a) Economic development.
(b) Social upliftment and
(c) Historical and cultural background of the region.
8. What are the common reasons of Population Explosion in the developing countries?
Ans: (i) Lack of contraception.
(ii) Lack of education.
(iii) Families in developing countries needs help with the farming.
(iv) Traditional view, towards big families.
(v) Low life expectancy.
(vi) Low living standard.
(vii) High infant mortality (many children dies).
(viii) Low medical care.
D. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS (MARKS – 5)
1. Discuss the factors influencing the distribution and density of population in the World.
Ans: The factors which influencing the distribution and density of population in the world can be grouped into three:
(A) Geographical Factors
(B) Economic Factors
(C) Social and Cultural Factors.
(A) Geographical Factors: The important geographical factors are:
(i) Availability of water:
It is the most important factor for all living being. So, people prefer to live in those areas where waters are available especially the fresh water. On the distribution and density of population over space fresh water plays a dominant role.
(ii) Landforms:
People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. The uneven topography are always hinder the all types development. So, these areas tend to be less populated
(iii) Climate:
An extreme climate such as very hot or cold deserts are uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where there is not much seasonal variation attract more people i.e. such areas are thickly populated.
(iv) Soils:
Soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. So, those areas where soil are more fertile, the density of population are more.
(B) Economic Factors:
(i) Minerals:
Minerals are not available all over the world. Some areas are endowed with more minerals while some areas are devoid of minerals. So, areas with more mineral deposits are thickly populated.
(ii) Urbanisation:
Cities offer better opportunities in all respects. Sơ, all the urbanised areas are thickly populated.
(iii) Industrialisation:
Industrialisation provide job opportunities and attract large number of people. In other words such areas are thickly populated.
(C) Social and Cultural Factors:
There are many places are found over the surface of the earth which attract more people because they have religious or cultural significance. In the same way-people tend to move away from places where there is social and political unrest. Thus, such social and cultural factors are also responsible for high population or low population density of a region.
2. Discuss the three stages of demographic transition.
Ans: Demographic transition is a theory in which we can used to describe and predict the future population of any area. According to the demographic transition theory, the population of any region changes from high births high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle.
| Rural Agrarian | Demographic | Urban Industrial |
| Transition |
The following figure explains the three staged model of Demographic Transition Theory (Fig.1)
First Stage: The first stage has high fertile and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate for the deaths due to various causes, like epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset.
Life expectancy is low in this stage people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. According to the theory two hundred years ago all the countries of the world were in this stage.
Second Stage: In the beginning of the second stage of demographic transition theory the fertility remains high but it declines with time. This is accompanied by reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to decline in mortality. Because of this gap the net addition to population is high.
Third Stage or Last Stage: In the last stage of demographic transition theory, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanised literate and has high technical knowledge and deliberately controls the family size. This shows that human beings are extremely flexible and are able to adjust their fertility. In the present day, different countries of the world are at different stages USA. Japan an hand and Keneya, Nigeria on the other hand.
3. Briefly discuss the types of are as flow density of population in the world.
Ans: Different types of areas of Low Density of Population in the world may be explained below:
(i) Hot and Rainy areas – Equatorial regions.
(ii) Hot and Dry deserts – Sahara, Saudi Arabia, Atakama, California, Great Australian Desert etc.
(iii) Cold Deserts – Tundra Region.
(iv) Mountainous, Rocky Terrain, Plateau areas.
(v) Forested areas – Alpine areas.
(vi) Areas with unrest and insecure situation – Jammu and Kashmir, North-east India.
4. Discuss the factors influencing density and distribution of population in the world.
Ans: The factors which influencing the distribution and density of population in the world can be grouped into three:
(A) Geographical Factors
(B) Economic Factors
(C) Social and Cultural Factors.
(A) Geographical Factors: The important geographical factors are:
(i) Availability of water:
It is the most important factor for all living being. So, people prefer to live in those areas where waters are available especially the fresh water. On the distribution and density of population over space fresh water plays a dominant role.
(ii) Landforms:
People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. The uneven topography are always hinder the all types development. So, these areas tend to be less populated
(iii) Climate:
An extreme climate such as very hot or cold deserts are uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where there is not much seasonal variation attract more people i.e. such areas are thickly populated.
(iv) Soils:
Soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. So, those areas where soil are more fertile, the density of population are more.
(B) Economic Factors:
(i) Minerals:
Minerals are not available all over the world. Some areas are endowed with more minerals while some areas are devoid of minerals. So, areas with more mineral deposits are thickly populated.
(ii) Urbanisation:
Cities offer better opportunities in all respects. Sơ, all the urbanised areas are thickly populated.
(iii) Industrialisation:
Industrialisation provide job opportunities and attract large number of people. In other words such areas are thickly populated.
(C) Social and Cultural Factors:
There are many places are found over the surface of the earth which attract more people because they have religious or cultural significance. In the same way-people tend to move away from places where there is social and political unrest. Thus, such social and cultural factors are also responsible for high population or low population density of a region.
5. Discuss the pattern of population distribution of the world.
Ans: The population of the world is unevenly distributed. Broadly, 90 percent of the world population lives in about 10 per cent of its land area, while only 10 percent of its land area, while only 10 percent of her world population distributed over 90 percent of its land area. Again, it is found that more than 90 percent of the world’s population lives in northern hemisphere while only 10 percent of her population live in the southern hemisphere. Again, more than 60 percent of the total population of the northern hemisphere concentrated within the tropical areas.
Continent – wise distribution of the population is also very uneven.
Out of the total world’s population, the percentage of population of the various continents are as follows:
| Continents | P.c. of population | |||
| 1. | Asia | 60.0 | ||
| 2. | Africa | 13.98 | ||
| 3. | Europe | 11.3 | ||
| 4. | North America | 8.5 | ||
| 5. | South America | 5.7 | ||
| 6. | Oceania | 0.5 | ||
The 10 most populous countries of the world contribute about 60 percent of the world’s population. Of these 10 countries 6 are located in Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan). In other words the distribution of population of the world are very uneven.
There are so many factors are responsible for the uneven distribution of population of the world.
These factors are categories as follows:
(a) Geographical factors:
(i) Availability of water
(ii) Landforms
(iii) Climate
(iv) Soils
(b) Economic factors:
(i) Minerals
(ii) Urbanisation
(iii) Industrialization
(c) Social and cultural factors:
From density point of view, the density of the world’s population are highly variable. The average density of the population in the world is 45.5 (46) persons per sq. km. The highest density is 21900 persons per sq. km in Macao (China) and the polar and hot deserts are the density less than 1 person per sq. km.
The following Map reveals the density of world population:
6. Give a note on the density variative of the population of the world.
Ans: Density of Population are:
(i) Each unit of land has limited capacity to support a certain number of people.
(ii) Hence, it is necessary to understand the ratio between the numbers of people to the size of land.
(iii) This ratio is termed as density of population.
(iv) It is usually measured in number of persons per square kilometre.
Density of Population = Population / Area
7. Give a description of the component of population change.
Ans: Births, deaths and migration are the three components of population change:
(A) Births: The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is expressed as number of live births in a year per thousand of women.
It is calculated as under:
CBR = Bi / P x 1000
Here CBR = Crude Birth Rate;
Bi = Live birth during the year.
P-Mid year population of the area.
(B) Deaths: Death rate plays an active role in population change.
(i) Population growth occurs not only by increasing birth rate but also due to decreasing death rate.
(ii) Crude Death Rate (CDR) is a simple method of measuring mortality of an area.
(a) CDR is expressed in terms of number of deaths in a particula year per thousand f population is a particular region.
CDR is calculated as under: CDR =D/P x1000
Here CDR = Crude Death Rate;
D = Number of deaths;
P = Estimated mid-year population of that year.
(b) By and large mortality rates are affected by the demographic structure, social advancement and levels of economic development of a region.
(C) Migration:
(i) Besides birth and deaths, migration is another way by which the population size changes.
(ii) When people move from one place to another, the place they move from is called the Place of Origin and the place they move to is called the Place of Destination.
(iii) The place of origin shows a decrease in population while the population increases in the place of destination. Migration is interpreted as a spontaneous effort to achieve a better balance between population and resources.
Migration may be permanent, temporary or seasonal.
(a) It may take place from rural to rural areas.
(b) from rural to urban areas
(c) from urban to urban areas and
(d) from urban to rural areas.
The same person is both an immigrant and as emigrant.
(a) Immigration. Migrant who move into a new place are called immigrants.
(b) Emigration. Migrant who move out of a place are called emigrants.
8. Discuss the trend of population growth of the world.
Ans: The population on the earth is more than six billion. It has grown to this size over centuries. In the early periods population of the world grew very slowly. It is the during the last few hundred years that population has increased at an alarming rate.
After the evolution and introduction of agriculture about 8,000 to 12,000 years ago, the size of world’s population was small-roughly 8 million. In the first century A.D. it was below 300 million. The expanding world trade during the 1,6th and 17th century, set the stage for rapid population growth of the world. Around 1750, at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution the world population was 550 million. After that, the world population exploded in the 18th century after the Industrial Revolution. Technological advancement achieved so far helped in the reduction of birth rate and provided a stage for accelerated population growth.
The following table (Table) show the growth of world population.
Doubling Time of World Population
| Period | Population | Time in whichPopulation double |
| 10,000 BC.1650 A.D.1850 A.D.1930 A.D.1975 A.D.2012 A.D | 5 million 500 million 1,000 million2,000 million 4,000 million 8,000 million projected figure | 1.500 years 200 years80 years 45 years 37 years |
Now the population is expressed in a graph as given below :
9. Discuss the Demographic Transition Theory.
Ans: The demographic transition theory is a model describing the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates that occurs as part of the economic development of a country. This transition can be broken down into four stages.
(i) The Pre-Industrial Stage: During the pre-industrial stage, societies have high birth and death rates. Because both rates are high, population grows slowly and also tends to be very young: many people are born, but few live very long. In pre-industrial society, children are an economic benefit to families, reinforcing high birth rates. Children contribute to the household economy by carrying water and firewood, caring for younger siblings, cleaning, cooking, or working in fields. With few educational opportunities, raising children costs little more than feeding them. As they became adults, children become major contributors to the family income and also become the primary form of insurance for adults in old age.
(ii) The Industrial Revolution: In stage two, countries begin to industrialize, and death rates drop rapidly. The decline in the death rate is due initially to two factors: improved food production and improved health and sanitation. Food production is improved through more efficient agricultural practices and better transportation and food distribution, which collectively prevent death due to starvation and lack of water. Health is improved through medical progress as well as more advanced sanitation methods, especially water supply, sewerage, food handling, and general personal hygiene.
As death rates fall, birth rates remain high, resulting in a population explosion. Population growth is not due to increasing fertility, but to decreasing deaths: many people continue to be born, but more of them now live longer. Falling death rates also change the age structure of the population. In stage one, mortality is especially high among children between 5 and 10 years old. The decline in death rates in stage two improves the odds of survival for children. Hence, the age structure of the population becomes increasingly youthful.
(iii) Post-Industrial Revolution: During the post-industrial stage, birth rates fall, eventually balancing the lower death rates. Falling birthrates coincide with many other social and economic changes, such as better access to contraception, higher wages, urbanization, commercialization of agriculture, a reduction in the value of children’s work, and greater parental investment in the education of children. Increasing female literacy and employment lower the uncritical acceptance of childbearing and motherhood as measures of the status of women. Although the correlation between birth rates and these changes is widely observed, it is not certain whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population, or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes. As birth rates fall, the age structure of the population changes again.
(iv) Stabilization: During stage four, population growth stabilizes as birth rates fall into line with death rates. In some cases, birth rates may even drop below replacement level, resulting in a shrinking population. Death rates in developed countries may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to lifestyle diseases related to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population. As population growth slows, the large generations born during the previous stages put a growing economic burden on the smaller, younger working population. Thus, some countries in stage four may have difficulty funding pensions or other social security measures for retirees.
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