Class 12 Geography Unit 8 English Medium Transport and Communication

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Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication

Class 12 Geography Unit 8 Transport and Communication Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Geography Chapter 8 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT,AHSEC Class 12 Geography Chapter 8.

Unit 8 Transport and Communication

(PART – A)

A. MULTIPLE CHOICES QUESTIONS & ANSWER: (MARKS – 1)

Choose the right answer from the following alternatives given below:

1. The Trans-Siberian Railway runs between

(a) Halifax and Vancouver

(b) Pittersburgh and Vladivostok

(d) Darwin and Melbourne

Ans: (d) Darwin and Melbourne.

2. The Trans-Canadian Railway runs between

(a) Halifax and Vancouver

(b) Pittersburgh and Vladivostok

(d) Darwin and Melbourne

Ans: (a) Halifax and Vancouver.

3. The Trans-continental Start Highway runs between

(a) Halifax and Vancouver

(b) Vancouver and St. John’s City

(d) Darwin and Melbourne

Ans: (d) Darwin and Melbourne.

4. The Orient Express line runs from

(a) Strasbourg to Munich

(b) Vienna to Budapest

(d) Munich to Belgrade

Ans: (c) Paris to Istanbul.

5. Which country has the highest density of railway network?

(a) USA

(b) Canada

(d) Russia

Ans: (a) USA.

6. The big Trunk Route runs through

(a) The North Pacific Ocean

(b) The Mediterranean Sea

(d) The South Atlantic Ocean

Ans: (c) The North Atlantic Ocean.

7. The Big Inch pipeline use to transport

(a) Water

(b) Mirk

(d) Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Ans: (c) Petroleum.

8. Road density means the length of road

(a) Per I square kilometer

(b) Per 10 square kilometer

(d) Per 1000 square kilometer

Ans: (c) Per 100 square kilometer.

9. Rail density means the length of railways

(a) Per I square kilometer

(b) Per 10 square kilometer

(d) Per 1000 square kilometer

Ans: (c) Per 100 square kilometer.

10. Which one of the following country records highest Highway tenth per 100 square kilometers

(a) USA

(b) India

(d) Japan

Ans: (a) USA.

11. What is Transport Network?

Ans: Several Places joined together by a series of routes to link each other and form a pattern. This pattern is called transport network.

12. What are the major traffic solutions in big cities’?

Ans: Higher parking fee, Mass Rapid Transit, Improved Public Bus service, Expressways are the major traffic solution in big cities.

13. What are the major modes of transport?

Ans: The major modes of transport are land, water, air and pipelines.

14. What does ocean freighter handle?

Ans: International movement of goods is handled by ocean freighters.

15. What do airways best move?

Ans: Airways is the fastest means of transport than any other means of transport.

16. What are Trans-continental railways?

Ans: Trans-continental railways are those railways which connect one part or end of the continent to the other end of the same continent.

Examples: Trans-Siberian Railway, Trans Canadian Railways.

17. What are the two types of water transport?

Ans: The two major types of water transport are inland waterways and ocean routes including canal.

18. On what do high living standards and quality of life depend?

Ans: High living standards and quality of life depends upon efficient means of transport and communication.

19. What do transport, communication and trade do?

Ans: Transport, communication and trade turned the whole world into a Global Village.

20. What do you mean by Pack Animals?

Ans: Pack animals are those animals who carry passengers and freight from one place to another.

21. What is Remote Sensing?

Ans: Remote Sensing is the science and art of gathering, storing and extracting of geographic information from far distances.

B. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER: (MARKS – 3)

(Answer the following questions in about 100 words)

1. What is Border Roads? Discuss major features of Border Roads?

Ans: Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads. Border Roads Organisation (BRO) which is a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains border roads. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. Border roads are important because they have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain. They have. helped in the economic development of border areas.

2. How is water transport cheaper than other modes of transport?

Ans: Water transport is the cheapest of all the means of transportation. The route for water ways are naturally made. The maintenance cost of route is more cheaper than any other modes of transportation. The distance of water routes from one part to another is shortest. Besides almost all countries are connected with sea routes. Where other means of transport are not available water transport plays a significant role. The probability of accident is also less. Water vehicles can carried a large amount of goods in one time. So the water transport is cheaper than other modes of transport.

3. Discuss how pipelines have been used for different purposes.

Ans: Pipeline is one kind of important mode of transportation. Pipeline are used extensively to transport of liquids such as water, crude oil, natural gas, etc. for an uninterrupted flow, where total and daily volume of demand is high and continuity of delivery is to be maintained. Pipeline is transportation is dependable and safe. Plan are being made even to transport suspended solid through pipeline. Where supplied through pipelines is familiar to all. Cooking gas or LPG is supplied through pipeline in many parts of the world. Pipeline also used to transport liquidities coal.

The disposal of sewage in the cities are done through pipelines. In New Zealand, milk is being supplied through pipelines from firms to factories. Crude oil is brought to the refinery sites generally located near the market on the refinery sites generally located near the market or seaport from the oil producing areas by pipelines. All the oil producing countries of the world have intensive pipelines for crude oil transportation.

4. Discuss the major hindrances in the development of air transport.

Ans: The manufacturing of aircrafts and their operations require elaborate infrastructure like hangars, landing fuelling and maintenance facilities for the aircrafts.

(i) The construction of airports is also very expensive.

(ii) It has developed more in highly industrialized countries where there is a large volume of traffic.

5. Discuss the major features of the Trans Siberian Railways.

Ans: The Trans-Siberian Railway is the major rail route of Russia runs from. St. Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok on the Pacific Coast in the east passing through Moscow – Ufa-Novosibirsk – Irkutsk-Chita and Khabarovsk. It is the most important route in Asia and the longest (9332 km) double-tracked and electrified trans-continental railway in the world.

6. Discuss the major features of the Trans Canadian Railways.

Ans: The Trans-Canadian Railways runs from Halifax in the east to Vancouver on the Pacific Coast in the West. The railway line passing through Montreal-Ottawa-Winnipeg and Calgary. It was constructed in 1886. Initially, it was a part of an agreement to make British Columbia on the West Coast join the Federation of states. Later on, it gained economic significance because it connected the Quebec-Montreal Industrial Region with the wheat belt of the Prairie Region and the Coniferous Forest region in the north. The total length of the Trans-Canadian Railways is 7,050 km.

7. Give an account of the Ocean waterways as a mode of transport.

Ans: The oceans offer a smooth highway traversable in all direction with no maintenance costs. It is the cheapest means of transport, specially, for foreign trade. They generally linked the importing and exporting countries. Compared to land and air, ocean transport is a cheaper means of haulage of bulky material over long distance from one to another continent. Modern passenger liners and cargo ship are equipped with radar, wireless and other navigation aids. The development of refrigerated chambers for perishable goods, tanks has made cargo handling at the world’s major ports easier. There are some major ocean routes in the world.

They are:

(a) The northern Atlantic sea Route.

(b) The suez canal routes.

(d) The Mediterranean Indian ocean sea route.

(e) The cape of Good Hope sea Route.

(f)The pacific ocean route.

The northern atlantic sea Route links North eastern USA and North western Europe. The two industrially developed regions of the world. The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest of the world.

The Mediterranean Indian ocean Sea Route Passes through the heart of the old world and more countries and people than any other route. The cape of good Hope sea route across the Atlantic Ocean which connects West European and West African countries with South America. The suez canal and panama canal are two man-made navigation canals. or waterways which serve as gateways of commerce for both the eastern and western worlds.

8. Describe the major features of coastal shipping.

Ans: The major features of coastal shipping are:

(i) The coastal shipping is a convenient mode of transportation than other mode of transportations.

(ii) Coastal shipping transported with long coastlines, eg. USA, China and India.

(iii) Coastal shipping connect one member’s coast with the other.

(iv) Coastal Shipping is a cheaper mode of transportation compared to others.

(v) It properly developed, coastal shipping can reduce the congestion on the land routes.

9. Give an account of the Suez canal route.

Ans: The suez canal Route connects European countries with south east, south and for east countries. This canal had been constructed in 1869 in Egypt between port said in the north and port suez in the south linking the Mediterranean sea and red sea. It is 160.km long and 11 to 15 m deep. 1t takes nearly 12 hours to pass through the canal. The suez canal Europe a new gateway to the Indian ocean and reduces direct see route distance between Liverpool and Colombo the cape of good Hope. The European countries export manufactured goods, machineries, chemicals, etc and import jute, tea, wool, rubber, sugar, spices etc.

10. Give a brief account of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway.

Ans: The great lakes of north America superior. Huron Erie and Ontario are connected by soo anal and welland canal to form an inland waterways. The estuary of st. Lawrence River along with the great lakes forms a unique commercial waterway in the northern part of North America. The port on this rout like Duluth and buffalo. These are equipped with all facilities of ocean ports. As such large ocean going vassals are able to navigate up the river deep inside the continent to Montreal. But here goods have to be trans-shipped to smaller vassals due to the presence of rapids. Canals have been constructed upto 3.5 m deep to avoid these.

11. Give an explanatory note on Cyber space.

Ans: Cyber space is the world of electronic computerised space. It is encompassed by the Internet such as the World Wide Web (WWW). In simple words, it is the electronic digital world for communicating or accessing information over computer networks without physical movement of the sender and the receiver. It is also referred to as the Internet Cyberspace exists everywhere. It may be in an office, sailing boat, flying plane, in cinema hall and virtually anywhere.

Cyberspace network has expanded very rapidly all over the world. In 2005, over one billion uses cyberspace or Internet by 2010, it will be two billion. As billions use the Internet each year cyberspace will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans through-

(i) e-mail

(ii) e-commerce

(iii) e-learning

(iv) e-governance

(v) e-business

The cyberspace has male the concept of global village a reality.

12. Discuss the problems of road transport in Flood Prone Areas.

Ans: In the flood prone area, there have very heavy rainfall for more than six months of a year. The roads suffer from surface and gully erosion. The roads to be constantly repaired and maintained in serviceable condition needing a huge expenditure. The devastating flood often breach and damage road. Due to heavy rainfall or flood another problems like lands slide and soil creep in the hills damaging the roads. The bridges are also broken. The roads need to be frequently bridged and many culverts. retention wall etc have be constructed several times. For these, labor and huge expenditure needed.

13. Discuss the problems of road transport in Mountainous Areas.

Ans: Mountainous areas are uneven so, the construction of roads are very costly and risky. Frequent landslides and avalanches block road transports. Rapidly running water damage the roads. Numerous bridges. culverts are to be constructed at huge costs. Roads have not negotiated long distances to reach a nearby point due to undulating and high attitudes.

14. Discuss the factors of development which have greatly improved the efficiency of Ocean Transport.

Ans: Ocean-going ships are capable of causing huge loads and their efficiency has been improved because of the following three developments:

(i) Introduction of refrigerated chambers for transporting perishable goods e.g., meat and dairy products.

(ii) The development of tankers and other specialised ships and the use of containers has eased the transfer of goods.

(iii) Modern passenger lines and cargo-ships are equipped with radar wireless and other navigation aids as a result they are little hindered by storms and bad weather.

15. Why are the pipelines used extensively for supplying mineral oil and natural gas?

Ans: Pipelines are used extensively for supplying mineral oil and natural gas for an uninterrupted flow. Pipeline transportation is highly dependable and safe. Pipelines are used to carrying natural gas and mineral oil as they cost about one-forth of railways. These are most economical and secure means of transport of mineral oil and natural gas. Other means of transport are not available to the minimum advantage.

16. How is transportation an organised Service Industry?

Ans: (i) Transportation is an organised service industry created to satisfy the basic needs of society.

(ii) It includes transport arteries vehicles to carry people and goods and the organisation to maintain arteries, and to handle loading, unloading and delivery.

17. Discuss the important features of Highways.

Ans: The important features of highway are:

(i) Highways are metalled roads connecting distant places.

(ii) Highway are constructed in a manner for unobstructed vehicular movement.

(iii) Every city and port town is linked through highway, Highways are 80 km wide, with separate traffic lanes, bridges, flyovers and dual carriageway to facilitate uninterrupted traffic flow.

C. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS: (MARKS – 5)

(Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words)

1. “In a well managed transport system, various nodes complement each other”- elucidate the statement.

Ans: (i) Major modes of transport are roadways, railways, waterways and airways and also pipelines.

(ii) Roadways and railways operate on plain topography.

(iii) Roadways carry passengers and traffic over short distances and provide door-to-door services.

(a) They can negotiate on undulating topography.

(b) Railways carry passengers and traffic over long distances and bulk goods.

(iv) From railway yards goods are transported by container service (through roads) and provide, in this way, door-to-door service.

(a) Water transport works both inland and between continents through Ocean routes.

(b) Airways carry passengers and traffic where roads and railway construction is not possible like North East region of India.

(v) Means of transport also serve military services, complementing one another.

(vi) Due to complementarily all parts of a country come together and the entire nation is one.

2. Which are the major regions of the world leaving a dense network of airways?

Ans: The major regions of the world having a dense network of airways are as follows-

(i) Eastern USA

(ii) Western Europe

(iii) South East Asia

At present no place in the world is more that 35 hours away. Travel by air can now be measured by hours and minutes..

The Eastern USA accounts for about 60 percent of the airways of the world.

The Western Europe include UK, French, Germany, Poland, Spain, Greece, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Sweden etc. The South East Asia includes Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hongkong, China etc.

3. What are the major advantages and disadvantages of Road and Railway transport?

Ans: Advantages of roadways:

(a) Roadways are suitable for short distance places.

(b) Building and repairing of roads are cheapest.

Disadvantages of roadways:

(a) The transportation charge are very high for long distance places.

(b) Its not suitable for transportation of heavy goods.

Advantages of railways:

(a) Railway transportation is the cheapest means of transport.

(b) For the transportation of heavy goods, this transportation is very suitable.

Disadvantages of railways:

(a) The building and repairing of railway roads are very expansive.

(b) Its available only in plains not in hill areas.

4. Write the major features of the Suez Canal.

5. Give the major features of the Panama Canal.

Ans: The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the West. It has been constructed across the Panama Isthmus between Panama City and Colon. The Canal is about 72 km long and involves a very deep cutting for a length of 12 km. It has a six lock system and ships cross the different levels (26 m. up and down) through these locks before entering the Gulf of Panama.

6. Discuss the features of Air transport.

Ans: The major features of Air transport are:

Air transport is the fastest means of transport among all other mode of transportations.

The passengers preferred this type of transport for long distance travel. The air transportation system is suitable for high value, less weight and less volume goods over short or medium distance.

Air transport provides two types of services international and domestic service. Air transport is often the only means to reach inaccessible areas where other transport systems are impossible. In sensible time like landslide, flood, heavy snowfall occur in areas, air travel is the only alternative to reach that place.

7. Discuss the major benefits of air transport.

Ans: Air transport has many benefits Air transport is the fastest means transportation among other means of transportation. Being it’s fastness. it is preferred by passengers for long distance. It is time consuming. It is also suitable for high value, less weight and less volume goods. In some areas are geographically inaccessible. Air transport is the only means to reach in such areas. Air transport has brought about a connectivity revolution in the world. The airplane bring varied articles to the Eskimos in northern Canada unhindered by the frozen ground. In mountainous areas, the routes are often obstructed by landslides, avalanches or heavy snowfall. At such times, air travel is the only alternative to reach that kind of areas.

At present no place in the world is more than 35 hours away. It is possible only because of air travel. Today more than 250 commercial airlines offers regular services to different parts to the world.

However air transport benefited to means of transportation system.

8. Give a description of inter-continental Air routes.

Ans: The main inter continental air routes are:

(i) The north: Atlantic Air Route between North America and Europe. The major airport in this route include New York, Chicago, London. Paris Moscow, etc.

(ii) The south Atlantic air route connects west Europe countries with Africa and south America. The major airport are Dakar, Quenas. Rio-de-Janeiro.

(iii) Europe middle East Air Routes is between Europe and middle east countries. The major airports are Beirut, Aden, Tehran, Baghdad, Cairo, Abu Dhabi, etc.

Europe: Asia routes connect Europe countries with the Asian countries. The major airport include Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Karachi, Dhaka, Hongkong, Shanghai, Tokyo, Beijing, Etc.

Europe: Australia Route is between Europe and Australia Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra, Perth, Wellington, are major airport in this route.

USA alone account for 60 percent of the airport of the world.

9. Discuss the important features of Remote Sensing.

Ans: The important features of Remote Sensing are:

Remote Sensing is the science and art of gathering, storing, and extracting of geographic information from great distances.

The gatherer makes no physical contact with the target.

The process of remote sensing usually covers large areas.

The best known satellite images have come from NASA series of Landsat satellites.

The satellites have provided a wealth of information about the earth’s resources to map-makers and scientists.

With the development of technology and with drop in security regulations private business companies, academic and government are using this information and images for new non-military applications like town planning, monitoring pollution, locating areas of deforestation and identifying hundreds of physical patterns and processes.

10. Give the features of Road transport.

Ans:Road is the most common means of transportation system. Road transport is gaining importance because it offers door to door service. Road transportation is most economical over short distance.

According to material used in construction, road may be of various types. These types many be earthen, gravel, surfaced and cemented.

According to importance, volume of traffic, make and maintenance, roads may be super highway, express way, national and state highway, district village roads.

The quality of the road varies greatly between developed and developing countries because road construction and maintenance require have expenditure.

The world’s total motor able road length is about 15 million km.

11. Give reasons why land transport is being develope early days till today.

Ans: The reasons why land transport is being developed from days till today are given below:

(i) Most of the movement of goods and services takes place land.

(ii) In early days, humans carried goods on their head or shoulder.

(iii) Later animals were used as beasts of burden.

(iv) With the invention of the wheel, the use of carts loads of cargo rural areas.

(v) The revolution in transport came about only after the invention the steam engine in the 18th century. Perhaps the first public railway line was opened in 185 between Stockton and Darlington in North England. Then onwards, railways become the most popular fastest form of transport in the 19th century. It opened up continent interiors for Commercial grain farmings, mining and manufacturing in U.S.A.

12. Give an account of Railways of the world.

Ans: Railways are a mode of land transport for bulky goods are passengers are over long distance. Railways plays a very crucial role in the industrial and economic growth of a country. It is specially suitable for medium distance travel over land surfaces.

Railway started in great at Britain in the year 1835. Since it has been playing effective role in the development of industry, trade, and commercial over the world.

The railway gauges vary in different countries and are roughly classification as broad, standard meter and smaller gauges. The standard gauge is used in USA.

Europe has one of the most dense rail network in the world. There are about 4,40,000 k.m. of railway Belgium has the highest density of 1 km of railway for every 6.5 sq. kms area.

Asia’s rail network is the most dense in the thickly populated area of Japan, China and India.

The pattern of railways seen all over world are intensive, introgressive and trans continental.

13 . Discuss the important features of the ocean routes of the world.

They are:

(a) The northern Atlantic sea Route.

(b) The suez canal routes.

(d) The Mediterranean Indian ocean sea route.

(e) The cape of Good Hope sea Route.

(f)The pacific ocean route.

14. Write an account of inland waterways.

Ana: River, canals, lakes and coastal areas have been important waterways since time immemorial. Boats and steamers are used as means transport for cargo and passengers. The development of island waterways is dependent on the navigability width and depth of the channel, continuity in the water flow, and transport technology.in use. Island water ways actually save as supplements to roads and railways. In the dense forests areas rivers are the only means of transport.

The significance of rivers as inland waterways for domestic and international transport has been recognized throughout the developed world. The great lakes of North America are significant examples of inland water transport. It is consisting of five lakes are connected together by 500 canals. In france, Germany, Holland; Belgium, the rivers are interlinked by canals and make very long inland water transport.

The Danube waterway serves eastern Europe. The Danube river rises in the black forest and flows westwards through many countries. It is navigable up to Jacana Severing.

15. Explain the features of satellite communication.

Ans: Satellite communication is the fastest communication system in present day world. Communication through satellites emerged as a new area in communication technology since the 1970s after USA and former USSR pioneered space research. Today internet is the largest electronic network on the planet. Internet connecting about 1,000 million people in more than 100 countries. With the help of online new, we can shopping goods, looking tickets, etc.

Artificial satellite, now are successfully deployed in the earth’s obit connect ever site verification. These have rendered the unit cast and time of communication invariant in terms of distance. This means the cost communication through satellite is very cheap. It costs the same communicate aver 500 km as it does aver 5,000 km via satellite.

In India Satellite communication started on 1970. The first Indian science satellite Aryabhatta I was launched in 1975 and the second satellite Bhaskar was put in orbit in 1979. With the help of this satellite, photography of the country were taken and their interpretation leads to getting various scientific information about our country.

16. State the characteristics of Means of Transport.

Ans: Transport involves physical movement of something between places, which communication is the sharing of information.

The means of transportation may be categorized as:

(i) Land Transport

(ii) Water Transport

(iii) Air Transport

(iv) Pipelines.

(i) Land transport: Land transport include roads, railways, etc. Most of movement of goods and services takes place over land. It plays a very important role in the movement of goods and people.

Road transport is the most economical for short distances compared to railways. It offers door to door services.

Rail transport is the most economical for bulk commodity and general cargo transport, but it has minimum value for short distance haul. The pattern of railways are intensive, introgressive and transport continental.

Among the newer development in land transportation are pipelines, ropeways and cableways. Liquids like mineral oil, water, sludge and sewer are transported by pipelines. In New Zealand, milk is being supplied through pipelines from firms to factors.

(ii) Water Transport: One of the great advantages of water transportation is that it does not require route construction. It is much cheaper because the friction of water is for less than that of land. The energy cost is also less in this transport system. Water transport is divided into sea routes and inland waterways. Inland waterways are through navigable and perennial rivers, lakes and inland canals.

Sea routs generally link the importing and exporting countries.

(iii) Air transport: Air transport is the fastest of all kinds of transportation. It is very effective for movement of any traffic where time is a factor. It is often the only means to reach inaccessible areas. Air transport has brought about a connectivity revolution. Sometime air travel is the only alternative to reach place such like earthquake disaster, landslides avalanches.

17. Discuss how has Satellite Communication brought revolutionary changes in the field of communication.

18. Discuss the importance of North Atlantic Sea Route.

Ans: The North Atlantic Sea Route is the major ocean route of the world. This route links North Eastern U.S.A. and North Western Europe which are the industrially developed regions of the world. The foreign trade ever this route is greater than that of the rest of the world combined. One earth of the world’s foreign trades move on this route. It is the busiest route in the world. The important sea ports of this route are lands, Glasgow, Humberg, Rotterdam, New York, Boston etc.

19. Write an account on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaways.

Notes of AHSEC Class 12 Geography Unit 8 | English Medium Class 12 Geography Notes In this post we will explain to you Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Question Answer | AHSEC Class 12 Geography Question Answer Unit 8 If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you.

Note- If you find any mistakes in this CHAPTER, please let us know or correct them yourself. Thank you.

Class 12 Geography Unit 8 English Medium Transport and Communication

Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication

Unit 8 Transport and Communication

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Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication

Unit 8 Transport and Communication

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