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Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Human Resource Development
Class 12 Geography Unit 13 Human Resource Development Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Geography Chapter 13 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT,AHSEC Class 12 Geography Chapter 13.
Unit 13 Human Resource Development
(PART – B)
A. MULTIPLE CHOICES QUESTION & ANSWERS:
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
1. Which one of the following states of India has the highest rank in the Human development Index?
(a) Assam
(b) Kerala
(c) Mizoram
(d) Punjab.
Ans: (d) Punjab.
2. Which one of the following states of India has the lowest female literacy?
(a) Bihar
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Kerala.
Ans: (a) Bihar.
3. Which one of the following Union Territories of India has the highest literacy rate?
(a) Chandigarh
(b) Andaman and Nicobar Island
(c) Daman and Diu
(d) Lakshadweep.
Ans: (d) Lakshadweep.
4. Which one of the following states records highest percentage figure of population below poverty line?
(a) Assam
(b) Orissa
(c) Punjab
(d) Rajasthan.
Ans: (b) Orissa.
B. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. What do you mean by Human Development?
Ans: Human Development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices increasing their opportunities for education, health care income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom.
2. Give two reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northerner states of India.
Ans: Two noted reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern states of India are:
(i) Low literacy rate.
(ii) Size of population is large.
3. Give the reasons for declaring Child Sex Ratio in India.
Ans: Reasons for declining child sex ratio in India are:
(i) Social attitude towards female child.
(ii) Development of medical science i.e. application of sex determination.
4. What do you mean by Poverty?
Ans: Poverty is general scarcity or dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education. Relative poverty is defined contextually as economic inequality in the location or society in which people live.
5. Give two reasons for declining Child Sex Ratio in India.
Ans: Reasons for declining child sex ratio in India are:
(i) Social attitude towards female child.
(ii) Development of medical science i.e. application of sex determination.
C. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
(Answer the following questions in about 100 words)
1. Give a brief note on the human development indicators prepared by Planning Commission of India.
Ans: Using the indicators selected by the UNDP, the Planning Commission of India also prepared the Human Development Report for India. It used states and the Union Territories as the units of analysis. Each state government also started preparing the state level Human Development Reports, using districts as the units of analysis. The final HDI by the Planning Commission of India has been calculated by taking the three indicators as report also discussed other indicators like economic attainment, social empowerment, social distributive justice, accessibility, hygiene and various welfare measures undertaken by the state.
2. Give a brief note on the uneven development levels (state wise) in India.
Ans: There are a few developed States like Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat and Delhi that have per capita income more than Rs. 4,000 per year and there are a large number of poorer States like Uttar – Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, etc. which have recorded per capita income less than Rs. 2,000. Corresponding to these disparities, the developed states have higher per capita consumption expenditure as compared to the poorer states. It was estimated to be more than Rs. 690 per capita per month in States like Punjab, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra and Gujarat and below Rs. 520 per capita per month in States like Uttar Pradesh, etc. These variations are indicative of some other deep-seated economic problems like poverty, unemployment and under-employment.
The disaggregated data of poverty for the states show that there are States like Orissa and Bihar which have recorded more than 40 percent of their population living below the poverty line. The States of Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland have more than 30 percent of their populationí below poverty line. “Poverty is a state of deprivation. In absolute terms it reflects the inability of an individual to satisfy certain basic needs for a sustained, healthy and reasonably productive living.” Employment rate for educated youth is 25 percent. Jobless growth and rampant unemployment are some of the important reasons for higher incidences of poverty in India.
3. Explain the integrated aspect of development.
Ans: Interrelated aspect of development has direct bearings on the deteriorating human conditions. It pertains to the environmental pollution leading to ecological crisis. Air, soil, water and noise pollutions have not only led to the ‘tragedy of commons’ but these have also threatened the existence of our society. Consequently, the poor are being subjected to three interrelated processes of declining capabilities; i.e.
(i) social capabilities-due to displacement and weakening social ties (social capital),
(ii) environmental capabilities-due to pollution and,
(iii) personal capabilities-due to increasing incidence of diseases and accidents. This, in turn, has adverse effects on their quality of life and human development.
4. What are the major factors causing spatial variations of Human Resource in India?
Ans: India has been placed among the countries showing medium humán development. Kerala placed at the top rank in the HDI followed by Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Haryana.
States like Bihar, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa are at the bottom among the 15 major states in India.
| State | HDI Value |
| Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal | 0.416 0.386 0.367 0.479 0.509 0.478 0.638 0.394 0.523 0.404 0.537 0.424 0.531 0.388 0.472 |
There are several caused related to the spatial variation in the levels of Human Development among the states in India.
The major causes are:
(i) Education: Education is the dominant cause for the high HDI. For example Kerala is able to record the highest value in the HDI largely due to its impressive performance in achieving near hundred percent literacy (90.92 percent) in 2001. On the other hand states like Bihar, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and uttar Pradesh the literacy is very low, so HDI is also low. States showing higher total literacy rates have less gaps between the male and female literacy rates. For Kerala it is 6.34 percent while it is 26.75 percent in Bihar and 25.95 percent in Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Economic: The level of economic development too play significant impacts on HDI. Economically developed states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Haryana have higher value of HDI as compared to states of poor economy (Assam. Bihar, etc)
(iii) Social cause.
(iv) Political cause.
(v) Historical cause.
D. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS:
(Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words)
1. Give an account of human development in india as per UNDP Report 2005.
Ans: India with a population of over 1.09 billion ranked the second largest populous country in the world. In terms of Human Development Index her ranked is 127 among 172 nations in the world (2005). With the composite HDI value of 0.062, India finds herself grouped with countries showing medium human development (UNDP, 2005) Table – 3 reveals the HDI values of India and some other countries of the world.
| Country | HDI Value | Country | HDI Value |
| Norway Australia Sweden Switzerland U.S.A. Japan U.K. France Germany Argentina Cuba Russia Brazil | 0.963 0.955 0.949 0.947 0.944 0.943 0.939 0.938 0.93 0.863 0.817 0.795 0.792 | Thailand Sri Lanka Iran Indonesia Egypt India Myanmar Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh Kenya Zambia Chad Niger | 0.778 0.751 0.736 0.697 0.659 0.602 0.578 0.527 0.526 0.52 0.474 0.394 0.341 0.281 |
Low scores in the HDI is a matter of serious concern but, some reservations have been expressed about the approach as well as indicators selected to calculate the index values and raking of the states/countries. Lack of sensitivity to the historical factors like colonication, imperialism and neo-imperialism, socio-cultural factors like human rights violation, social discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender and caste, social problems like crimes, terrorism. and war and political factors like nature of the state, forms of the government (democracy or dictatorship) level of empowerment are some factors that are very crucial in determining the nature of human development. These aspects have special significance in case case of India and many other developing countries.
1. Discuss human development index in India.
Ans: Planning Commission calculated the human development index by taking states and union territories as the unit of analysis.
| State | HDI Value |
| Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal | 0.416 0.386 0.367 0.479 0.509 0.478 0.638 0.394 0.523 0.404 0.537 0.424 0.531 0.388 0.472 |
Planning Commission of India (2001): India National Human Development Report 2001
(i) According to this analysis, India has been placed among the countries showing medium human development.
(ii) The rank of India among the 172 countries of the world is 127.
(iii) The reveals that Kerala with the composite index value of 0.638 is at the top rank. (iv) Punjab (0.537), Tamil Nadu (0.531), Maharashtra (0.523) and Haryana (0.509) follow Kerala in that order.
3. Discuss the relationship between population, environment and development.
Ans: The relationship between population, environment and development are:
(i) According to this analysis India has been placed among the countries showing medium human development.
(ii) The rank of India among the 172 countries of the world is 127.
(iii) Reveals that Kerala with the composite index value of 0.638 is at the top rank.
(iv) Punjab (0.5370) Tamil Nadu (0.531), Maharashtra (0.523) and Haryana (0.509) follow Kerala in that order.
4. Discuss the paradoxes of Human Development in India.
Ans: The paradoxes of Human Development in India are:
(i) Rural and remote areas have no idea of the development in the cities.
(ii) Along with these developments, there are several paradoxes.
(iii) These paradoxes are:
(a) The Jhuggi and Slum clusters.
(b) Traffic jams.
(c) Congestion
(d) Crimes.
(e) Poverty Small children begging around traffic lights.
(g) People sleeping on footpaths.
(h) Polluted water.
(i) Polluted air.
These are the contrary to the development aspects of our country.
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