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Class 12 Geography Chapter 17 Mineral and Fuel Resources in India
Class 12 Geography Unit 17 Mineral and Fuel Resources in India Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Geography Chapter 17 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT,AHSEC Class 12 Geography Chapter 17.
Unit 17 Mineral and Fuel Resources in India
(PART – B)
A. MULTIPLE CHOICES QUESTION & ANSWERS:
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
1. In which are of the following states has the major oil fields?
(a) Bihar
(b) Assam
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Rajasthan.
Ans: (b) Assam.
2. Which one of the following mineral is known as the brown diamond?
(a) Manganese
(b) Iron
(c) Lignite
(d) Mica.
Ans: (b) Iron.
3. Which one of the following is a non-renewable energy!
(a) Thermal
(b) Solar
(c) Wind
(d) Hydel.
Ans: (a) Thermal.
4. In which one of the following places was the first at power station started?
(a) Narora
(c) Rana Pratap Sagar
(b) Kalpakkam
(d) Tarapore.
Ans: (d) Tarapore.
B. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. How do mineral and power resources have important place in our life?
Ans: Minerals and energy resources occupy a very important place in our life. For example, machines, ships, ornaments, buildings, coins and many other things associated with the modern civilized life are made of minerals with the help of power. In other words, power resources help to turn minerals into finished goods. But no nation has within its borders, all the minerals and energy resources.
2. What is metallic mineral?
Ans: Metallic minerals are those minerals which yield metals after being processed. They have a distinctive shiny metallic luster like that of gold and silver. These minerals are mostly used to make jewellery, flower vases and swords. Metallic mineral are those minerals which can be melted to obtain new products. Iron, cooper, bauxite, tin, manganese are some examples.
3. What in non-metallic mineral?
Ans: Non-metallic minerals are minerals that have no metallic luster and break easily. These are also called industrial materials and are typically some form of sediment. Non-metallic minerals are not malleable. Sand, limestone, marble, clay and salt are all examples of non-metallic minerals. They are not recyclable because they can not be-reshaped significantly and reproposed, unlike metals that can be melted down and easily reshaped into a new product. An exemption is concrete because concrete is often used from a mixture of non-metallic minerals that have been crushed or ground into small, fine pieces.
4. Why and where Dandi March was organized by Mahatma Gandhi?
Ans: In 1930 in order to help free India from British control, Mahatma Gandhi proposed a non-violent march protesting the British Salt Tax, continuing Gandhi’s pleas for civil disobedience. The Salt Tax essentially made it illegal to sell or produce salt, allowing a complete British monopoly. Since salt is necessary in everyone’s daily diet, everyone in India was affected. The Salt Tax made it illegal for workers to freely collect their own salt from the coasts of India, making them buy salt they couldn’t really afford.
5. What are the renewable sources of energy?
Ans: Renewable energy includes Biomass, Wind, Hydro-power, Geothermal and Solar sources.
6. What is geothermal energy?
Ans: The term Geothermal originates from two Greek words ‘GEO’ and ‘THERM’. The Greek word ‘geo’ meant the earth whilst their word for ‘therm’ meant heat from the earth. Geothermal energy is energy derived from the heat of the earth. The earth’s centre is a distance of approximately 4000 miles and is so hot that it is molten. Temperatures are understood to be at least 5000 degrees centigrade. Heat from the centre of the earth conducts outwards and heats up the outer layers of rock called the mantle. When this type of rock melts and becomes molten it is called magma. Magma can reach just below the earths surface.
7. What is Metallurgical fuel?
Ans: Metallurgical fuels are non-metallic minerals, used as fuel.
8. What do you understand by offshore Drilling?
Ans: Offshore drilling is the process of drilling minerals oil from the sea bed, by drilling at the bottom of the sea.
9. What is Nuclear Power?
Ans: Nuclear power, or nuclear energy, is the use of exothermic nuclear processes, to generate useful heat and electricity. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion. Nuclear power stations convert heat energy produced from a nuclear fission chain reaction into electricity. Heat generated inside a nuclear reactor core from nuclear fission is used to convert water into steam, which then drives an electric turbine alternator.
C. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
(Answer the following questions in about 100 words)
1. Discuss the distribution pattern of manganese in India.
Ans: Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used for manufacturing ferro alloys. Manganese deposits are found in almost all geological formations, however, it is mainly associated with Dharwar system.
Orissa is the leading producer of Manganese. Major mines in Orissa are located in the central part of the iron ore belt of India, particularly in Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi and Bolangir.
Karnataka is another major producer and here the mines are located in Dharwad. Bellary, Belgaum, North Canara, Chikmagalur, Shimoga, Chitradurg and Tumkur. Maharashtra is also an important producer of manganese which is mined in Nagpur, Bhandara and Ratnagiri districts. The disadvantages to these mines is that they are located far from steel plants. The manganese belt of Madhya Pradesh extends in a belt in Balaghat-Chhindwara-NImar-Mandla and Jhabua districts.
Andhra Pradesh, Goa and Jharkhand are other minor producers of manganese.
2. Give the salient features of energy resources in recent times in India.
Ans: Major features of energy resources in India are:
(i) Man has been using energy resources from time immemorial.
(ii) In the beginning wood was mainly used.
(iii) Nowadays mineral fuels are essential for generation of power.
(iv) Power is required in agriculture, industry, transport and other sectors of economy.
(v) Major mineral fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They are also called fossil fuels.
(vi) Nuclear energy minerals are uranium, thorium, monazite etc.
(vii) Both mineral fuels and nuclear energy minerals are put in the category of conventional sources of energy.
3. Describe field based and market based oil refineries.
Ans: There are 18 operational refineries and three proposed in India.
Their distribution is as under:
| Field-based Refineries | Market-based Refineries |
| (i) Assam: Digboi, Numaligarh, Guwahati, Bongaigaon (ii) West Bengal: Haldia (iii) Andhra Pradesh: Vishakha- patnam, Tatipaka (iv) Tamil Nadu: Chennai, Naga- pattinam (Narinaman) (v) Kerala: Kochi (vi) Karnataka: Mangalore (vii) Maharashtra: Mumbai(I), Mumbai (II) (viii) Gujarat: Koyali, Jamnagar. Under Construction: Bhatinda, Bina and Paradip. | (i) Bihar: Barauni (ii) Uttar Pradesh: Mathura (iii) Haryana: Panipat |
Production of crude petroleum in the country was 3 lakh tonnes in 1950-51. It rose to 332 lakh tonnes in 2005-06.
4. Give a note on the oil refining in India.
Ans: Oil Refining in India:
(i) Crude petroleum has several impurities. It cannot be used in the form of crude.
(ii) It is refined in oil refineries and impurities are separated. These impurities have several by-products. Various industries are based on them.
(iii) There are two types of refineries:
(a) Field-based refineries:
Example: Digboi
(b) Market-based refineries:
Example: Barauni.
5. What is the present state of wind power and solar power condition in India?
Ans: The country’s potential of wind power generation exceeds 50,000 megawatts, of which one fourth can be easily harnessed. In Rajasthan. Gujarat. Maharashtra and Karnataka, favourable conditions for wind energy exist. Wind power plant at Lamba in Gujarat in Kachchh is the largest in Asia. Another, wind power plant is located at Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu.
Gujarat has been a leader in solar power generation and contributes 2/3rd of the 900 MW of photovoltaics in the country. The State has commissioned Asia’s biggest solar park at Charanka village. Rajasthan is one of the leading states of India in the field of solar energy. The total photovoltaic capacity has passed 500 MW, reaching 510.25 MW at the end of the 2012-13 fiscal year. The Shri Sai Baba Sansthan Trust has world’s largest solar steam system.
It was constructed at the Shirdi shrine at an estimated cost of Rs. 1.33 crore, Rs.58.4 lakh of which was paid as a subsidy by the renewable energy ministry. The Welspun Solar MP project, the largest solar power plant in India set up at a cost of Rs. 1,100 crore on 305 hectares of land, will supply power at Rs. 8.05 a kWh. The project of a 130-MW solar power plant at Bhagwanpur in Neemuch was launched by Gujarat chief Minister, Narendra Modi. Ujaas, based in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, is now backed by Mr. Amitabh Bachchan who holds 1.6% stake according to latest filings. Vivaan Solar, Gwalior based company started In Aug. 2012 has also completed 15 MW in Kadodiya Village, Ujjain.
6. Give a note on the spatial distribution of Copper and Bauxite.
Ans: The copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan. Minor producers of Copper are Agnigundala in Guntur District (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurga and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).
Orissa happens to be the largest producer of Bauxite. Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers. The other two areas which have been increasing their production are Bolangir and Koraput. The patlands of Jharkhand in Lohardaga have rich deposits. Gujarat, Chhattisgarh Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are other major producers. Bhavnagar Jamnagar in Gujarat have the major deposits. Chhattisgarh has bauxite deposits in Amarkantak plateau while Katni-Jabalpur area and Balaghat in M.P have important deposits of bauxite. Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in Maharashtra are important producers. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Goa are minor producers of bauxite.
D. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS:
(Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words)
7. What are renewable energy sources? Enumerate the characteristics of renewable resources?
Ans: There are many sources of energy that are renewable and considered to be environmentally friendly and harness natural processes. These sources of energy provide an alternate ‘cleaner’ source of energy helping to negate the effects of certain forms of pollution. All of these power generation techniques can be described as renewable since they are not depleting any resource to create the energy. While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.
Sources of energy are:
(i) Tidal energy
(ii) Wave power
(iii) Solar power
(iv) Wind power
(v) Hydroelectricity
(vi) Radiant energy
(vii) Geothermal power
(viii) Biomass
(ix) Compressed Natural Gas
(ix) Nuclear power
1. Hydropower comes from moving water and ocean waves. Hydropower systems use the energy in flowing water for mechanical purposes or to produce electricity. Hydroelectric plants use the kinetic energy of moving water to spin the turbine generator.
2. Biomass materials such as wood, agricultural crop wastes, fast- growing willow and switchgrass crops, animal wastes, and even. garbage can be used as renewable sources of energy to generate heat and power. They also can be used as alternatives to petrochemicals in making plastics and other products. Today, biomass energy systems are very small-scale; some examples include ethanol in gasoline, and use of municipal waste to produce methane gas.
3.Passive solar heating for buildings is a common application of renewable energy. A passive solar heating system collects energy from the sun. It uses this energy to heat a space directly, or to heat a fluid that later radiates heat to a space.
4. Active solar systems or photovoltaic systems are another way of capturing the sun’s energy. These systems use solar cells to directly produce electricity from solar radiation.
5. At this time, photovoltaic systems are relatively expensive to build and maintain. They also require a back-up source of power, or batteries, to provide power when sunshine is inadequate. Because semiconductors contain toxic materials, the environmental impacts of manufacturing and disposing of solar cells and their batteries are also a concern.
6. Solar thermal electricity is another variation on solar energy. These plants use a highly curved mirror to focus sunlight onto a pipe, concentrating the heat to boil water and create steam. That steam is then used to turn a turbine generator to make electricity.
7. Wind power uses energy from the moving air to turn large blades on windmills. In the past the motion of the blades was used to grind flour or pump water, but now the blades turn turbines, which rotate generators in order to produce electricity.
8. “Mineral and power resources in India are unevenly distributed”, Discuss the statement.
Ans: Distribution of mineral and energy resources in India in very uneven. The Great North Plains have practically no mineral as yet. North-east portion of Peninsular India which lies in Jharkhand and Orissa boasts of as one of the largest concentrations of mineral and energy mineral deposits in the world. It is known for its richest Iron ore and Coal. The region is named as Chota Nagpur Plateau Region. Two essential ingredients of steel viz., Iron ore and coal are found in close proximity and this fact or has accelerated the growth of steel industry in the region. The region also possesses Manganese, Mica, Copper, Bauxite and Nuclear minerals such as Uranium and Thorium. The rest of the mineral and power deposits are found scattered all over the Peninsular block, including parts of Assam in the east and Rajasthan in the west.
(i) Over 97% coal reserves are located in the valleys of Damodar, Son, Mahanadi and Godavari..
(ii) Petroleum reserves are concentrated in the sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai High offshore region in the Arabian Sea.
(a) New reserves of petroleum have been found in Krishna Godavari and Kaveri Basins.
(iii) Most of the major mineral resources are located to the east of the line linking Kanpur and Mangalore.
(iv) There are three major belts of mineral concentration.
They are:
(a) The North Eastern Plateau Region.
(b) The South Western Plateau Region.
(c) The North Western Region.
9. Give a description of the major mineral and power resources regions of India.
Ans: The North Eastern Plateau Region:
(i) This belt covers Jharkhand and Orissa Plateau region (comprising Chota Nagpur Plateau), West Bengal and parts of Chattisgarh.
(ii) Major iron and steel industry has been set up in this region because of these reasons:
(a) Availability of raw materials iron ore, manganese, limestone.
(b) Coking coal.
(c) Water from nearby rivers.
(d) Cheap labour.
(e) Easy availability of transportation means like railways.
(iii) In this region various minerals like iron, coal, manganese, bauxite, mica are abundantly found.
The South Western Plateau Region:
(i) Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala for this belt.
(ii) The belt is rich in ferrous minerals and bauxite.
(iii) The important ferrous minerals include iron ore, manganese and limestone.
(iv) The belt does not contain coal deposits except low grade lignite coal at Neyveli lignite coalified.
(v) Kerala has déposits of monazite and thorium, bauxite.
(vi) Goa is known for iron ore deposits.
The North Western Region:
(i) North Western Region extends over Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat.
(ii) These mineral deposits belong to Dharwar systems of rocks.
(iii) Major minerals found in this region and copper and zinc.
(iv) Sandstone, granite, marble, gypsum, dolomite and Fuller’s earth deposits are abundantly found in Rajasthan.
(v) Petroleum is largely found in Gujarat.
(vi) Salt is obtained from Rajasthan and Gujarat. Besides the above mineral belts another important belt is the Himalaya belt.
The Himalayan Mineral Region:
(i) Major minerals are known to occur in this region are copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and tungsten.
(ii) These minerals occur in both the regions – eastern and western. Mineral oil is extracted in Assam valley/ Brahmaputra valley.
10. Distinguish between metallic and non metallic minerals.
Ans: Metallic Minerals:
(i) Metallic mineral re those minerals which can be melted to obtain new products.
(ii) Iron, cooper, bauxite, tin, manganese are some examples.
(iii) These are generally associated with igneous rocks.
(iv) They are usually hard and have shines or luster of their own.
(v) They are ductile and malleable.
(vi) When hit, they do not get broken.
Non-Metallic Minerals:
(i) Non-metallic minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting.
(ii) Coal, salt, clay, marble are some examples.
(iii) These are generally associated with sedimentary rocks.
(iv) They are not so hard and have no shine or luster of their own.
(v) They are not ductile and malleable.
(vi) When hit, they may got broken into pieces.
11. Describe iron ore distribution in India.
Ans: The total reserves of iron ore in the country were about 20 billion tonnes in the year 2004-05. About 95 percent of total reserves of iron ore is located in the States of Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In Orissa, iron ore occurs in a series of hill ranges in Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj and Jhar.
The important mines are Gurumahisani, Sulaipet, Badampahar (Mayurbhaj), Kiruburu (Kendujhar) and Bonai (Sundergarh). Similar hill ranges, Jharkhand has some of the oldest iron ore mines and most of the iron and steel plants are located around them. Most of the important mines such as Noamundi and Gua are located in Purbi and Pashchimi Singhbhum districts.
This belt further extends to Durg, Dantewada and Bailadila. Dalli, and Rajhara in Durg are the important mines of iron ore in the country. In Karnataka, iron ore deposits occur in Sandur-Hospet area of Bellary district, Baba Budan hills and Kudremukh in Chikmagalur district and parts of Shimoga, Chitradurg and Tumkur districts.
The districts of Chandrapur, Bhandara and Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Karimnagar, Warangal, Kurnool, Cuddapah and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh, Salem and Nilgiris districts of Tamil Nadu are other iron mining regions. Goa has also emerged as an important producer of iron ore.
12. Discuss the distribution pattern of coal in India.
Ans: About 80 percent of the coal deposits in India is of bituminous type and is of non-coking grade. The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in Damodar Valley. They lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt and the important coal fields in this region are Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, Karanpura.
Jharia is the largest coal field followed by Raniganj. The other river valleys associated with coal are Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone. The most important coal mining centres are Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh (part of Singrauli coal field lies in Uttar Pradesh), Korba in Chhattisgarh, Talcher and Rampur in Orissa, Chanda-Wardha, Kamptee and Bander in Maharashtra and Singareni and Pandur in Andhra Pradesh.
Tertiary coals occur in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland. It is extracted from Darangiri, Cherrapunji, Mewling and Langrin (Meghalaya); Makum, Jaipur and Nazira in upper Assam, Namchik-Namphuk (Arunachal Pradesh) and Kalakot (Jammu and Kashmir).
Besides, the brown coal or lignite occur in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir.
13. Discuss briefly the production and distribution pattern of natural gas in India.
Ans: India had 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves at of January 2007. The total gas production in India was about 31,400 mem in 2002-03 compared with 2,358 mom in 1980-81. At this production level, India’s reserves are likely to last for around 29 years; that is significantly longer than the 19 years estimated for oil reserves. Almost 70% of India’s natural gas reserves are found in the Bombay High basin and in Gujarat. Offshore gas reserves are also located in Andhra Pradesh coast (Krishna Godavari Basin) and Tamil Nadu coast (Cauvery Basin). Onshore reserves are located in Gujarat and the North Eastern states (Assam and Tripura).
Major Gas Based Projects
| Project | State | Commissioned Capacity(MW) |
| RGPPL, Anjanvel Dadri Paguthan Auraiya Jhanor-Gandhar Kawas Faridabad Anta Vemagiri Power Generation Ltd. Rajiv Gandhi CCPP Kayamkulam | Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Gujarat Uttar Pradesh Gujarat Gujarat Haryana Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Kerala | 1480 817 654.73 652 648 645 430 413 388.5 |
14. Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Ans: The comparison between the Conventional and Non- conventional sources of Energy is mentioned below:
(i) Conventional energy, such as thermal powers (from coal, petroleum, and natural gas), hydel power (from high velocity of running water) are tapped and used abundantly at present. Their uses are practiced for a long time. But, in contrast to conventional sources of energy, non-conventional sources of energy (solar energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, wind energy etc) are not used frequently and in large scale (commercially). Their uses are comparatively more recent.
(ii) Except hydel power, the sources of thermal power i.e. other conventional energies are non renewable in nature. But the sources of non-conventional energy are flow-resources. There is no anxiety for their exhaustion.
(iii) Except hydel power, the generation of other conventional energy produces air pollution. But the generation of non-conventional energy does not produce air pollution.
(iv) Except hydel power, the other conventional energy is costly. But comparatively, the non-conventional energy is much cheaper.
(v) Conventional energy cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke and ash. non-conventional energy are generally pollution free.
(vi) Conventional energy are very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they are carried over long distance through transmission grid and lines. Non-conventional energy are Less expensive due to local sue and easy to maintain.
15. Give a descriptive note on the Non-conventional Sources of Energy in India.
Ans: Non Conventional sources of energy are generally renewable sources of energy. This type of energy sources include anything, which provides power that can be replenished with increasing demand for energy and with fast depleting conventional sources of energy such as coal, petroleum. “natural gas etc.
The non-conventional sources of energy such as energy from sun, wind, biomass, tidal energy, geo thermal energy and even energy from waste material are gaining importance. This energy is abundant, renewable, pollution free and eco-friendly.
It can also be more conveniently supplied to urban, rural and even remote areas. Thus, it is also capable of solving the twin problems of energy supply in a decentralized manner and helping in sustaining cleaner environment.
However, the importance of the renewable energy or non-conventional sources of energy was recognised in the early 1970s. But now, it has been accepted that renewable energy resources can provide the basis for sustainable development.
During the past quarter century, a variety of renewable energy technologies have been developed and deployed in villages and cities. In India, a separate Ministry of Non-conventional source of energy has been created for planning, promoting and coordinating relating to all aspects of renewable energy resources.
India today has one of the largest programmes for non- conventional sources of energy. According to energy experts, India’s non-conventional energy potential is estimated at about 1, 95000 mw. An estimate of 31 percent of this potential comes from the Sun, 30% from ocean thermal, 26% from bio-fuel and 13% from wind. During the last two decades, several renewable energy technologies have been developed and deployed in villages and cities.
However, the major non-conventional energy sources that are being used for power generation are:
(i) Tidal energy
(ii) Wave power
(iii) Solar power
(iv) Wind power
(v) Hydroelectricity power
(vi) Radiant energy
(vii) Geothermal
(viii) Biomass
(ix) Compressed Natural Gas
(x) Nuclear power.
16. What is the present state of Wind Power in India?
Ans: The country’s potential of wind power generation exceeds 50,000 megawatts, of which one fourth can be easily harnessed. In Rajasthan. Gujarat. Maharashtra and Karnataka, favourable conditions for wind energy exist. Wind power plant at Lamba in Gujarat in Kachchh is the largest in Asia. Another, wind power plant is located at Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu.
Gujarat has been a leader in solar power generation and contributes 2/3rd of the 900 MW of photovoltaics in the country. The State has commissioned Asia’s biggest solar park at Charanka village. Rajasthan is one of the leading states of India in the field of solar energy. The total photovoltaic capacity has passed 500 MW, reaching 510.25 MW at the end of the 2012-13 fiscal year. The Shri Sai Baba Sansthan Trust has world’s largest solar steam system.
It was constructed at the Shirdi shrine at an estimated cost of Rs. 1.33 crore, Rs.58.4 lakh of which was paid as a subsidy by the renewable energy ministry. The Welspun Solar MP project, the largest solar power plant in India set up at a cost of Rs. 1,100 crore on 305 hectares of land, will supply power at Rs. 8.05 a kWh. The project of a 130-MW solar power plant at Bhagwanpur in Neemuch was launched by Gujarat chief Minister, Narendra Modi. Ujaas, based in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, is now backed by Mr. Amitabh Bachchan who holds 1.6% stake according to latest filings. Vivaan Solar, Gwalior based company started In Aug. 2012 has also completed 15 MW in Kadodiya Village, Ujjain.
17. How do you suggest to conserve Mineral Resources?
Ans: Sustainable development calls for the protection of resources for the future generations. There is an urgent need to conserve the resources. The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy are inexhaustible resource. These should be developed to replace the exhaustible resources. In case of metallic minerals, use of scrap metals will enable recycling of metals. Use of scrap is specially significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which India’s reserves are meagre. Use of substitutes for scarce metals may also reduce their consumption. Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced, so that the existing reserve may be used for a longer period.
Notes of AHSEC Class 12 Geography Unit 17 | English Medium Class 12 Geography Notes In this post we will explain to you Class 12 Geography Chapter 17 Question Answer | AHSEC Class 12 Geography Question Answer Unit 17 If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you.
Note- If you find any mistakes in this CHAPTER, please let us know or correct them yourself. Thank you.