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Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Manufacturing Industries of India
Class 12 Geography Unit 18 Manufacturing Industries of India Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Geography Chapter 18 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT,AHSEC Class 12 Geography Chapter 18.
Unit 18 Manufacturing Industries of India
(PART – B)
A. MULTIPLE CHOICES QUESTION & ANSWERS:
Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
1. Which one of the following is not a factor of industrial location?
(a) Capital
(b) Market
(c) Population density
(d) Power.
Ans: (c) Population density.
2. Which one of the following iron and steel industries earliest in India?
(a) IISCO
(b) TISCO
(c) Visvesvaraya Iron And Steel Works
(d) Mysore Iron and Steel Works.
Ans: (b) TISCO.
3. Which one of the following is the main reason for establishment of modern cotton mills in Mumbai?
(a) It is located near cotton growing area
(b) Mumbai is a port
(c) Mumbai was the financial centre
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (a) It is located near cotton growing area.
4. Which one of the following is the nucleus of the Hugli Industrial Region?
(a) Kolkata-Rishra
(b) Kolkata-Howrah
(c) Kolkata-Medinipur
(d) Kolkata-Konnagar.
Ans: (b) Kolkata-Howrah.
5. The second largest producer of sugar is-
(a) Punjab
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Tamil Nadu.
Ans: (b) Uttar Pradesh.
B. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. What are the differences between two sectors of cotton textile industries?
Ans: The two sectors of the cottage textile industries are:
(a) Organised sector.
(b) Decentralised sector.
The main difference between two are:
(i) In organised sector cloths is manufactured in mills spinning thread to weaving of the cloth.
(ii) In decentralised sector clothes are manufactured in handlooms and power looms.
2. What is the base raw material for the petrochemical industry? What are the main products of this industry?
Ans: Raw material base for the petrochemical industry is the petroleum products.
Some of the products of petrochemical industry are:
(i) Plastic products
(ii) Synthetic fibres
(iii) Acrylic staple fibre.
3. Why is the sugar industry a seasonal industry?
Ans: In Sugar industries sugarcane is the raw material. Sugarcane is available for crushing only from October to April. In other months sugarcane is not ripened to be used. So, sugar industry is seasonal type.
4. What is major impact of Information Technology revolution in India?
Ans: The major impact of Information Technology (IT) revolution in India are:
(i) Contribution in GDP of India (2 Percent).
(ii) Large employment opportunities.
(iii) Earning more foreign exchange by providing high quality hardware and software.
(iv) In research.
(v) In transportation.
5. Why does called the iron and steel industry is a basic to the industrial development of a country?
Ans: Iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of a country because this industry supply iron and steel to other industries as raw material.
If it does not supply iron and steel the machines which are used in various industries cannot be manufactured and the industrial development would come to an end.
6. What is the significance of industries to us?
Ans: The advantages of industries are:
(i) employment in the country
(ii) economic boom and latest technology
(iii) less poverty
(iv) more development
(v) more jobs for people
(vi) increase in exports which will make large profits and will be utilized in the development of country
(vii) GDP per capita will increase
(viii) high standard of living
(ix) more services for people, this means more aidz and health services
(x) literacy rate increase and less deaths
(xi) taxes for govt
(xii) stable govt and recent weapons for the defence of the country.
7. What do you understand by Co-operative Industries?
Ans: Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed by a group of people. Generally the members are the producers of raw materials. Examples of such industries are handloom, food processing and diary products. Amul is a example of cooperative sector society.
8. What is Capital Goods Industries?
Ans: Industries which manufacture capital goods are called capital goods industries.
9. Why is the Sugar Industry a Reasonable Industry?
Ans: Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because mills are operational only from October to April when sugarcane is available for crushing. In other month sugarcane is not ripened to be used in manufacturing sugar.
C. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
(Answer the following questions in about 100 words)
1. Give a note on the evolution of cotton textile industry in India.
Ans: Evolution of Cotton Textile Industry in India:
(i) After the first mills were set up in Mumbai and Ahmedabad in the second half of the nineteenth century, cotton textile industry expanded very rapidly.
(ii) Number of units increased dramatically.
(iii) The Swadeshi Movement gave a major boost to the industry as people boycotted British goods in favour of Indian goods.
(iv) After 1921 with the development of the railway network other cotton textile centres expanded rapidly.
(a) In southern states mills were set up at Coimbatore, Madurai and Bangalore.
(b) In central India, Nagpur, Indore, Solapur and Vadodara became cotton textile centres.
(c) Cotton textile mills were set up at Kanpur based on local investment.
(d) Mills were also set up at Kolkata due to its port facilities.
(v) The development of hydro-electricity also favoured the location of the cotton textile mills away from the cotton producing areas.
(a) Rapid development of this industry in Tamil Nadu is the result of the abundant availability of hydel power for the mills.
(b) Lower labour costs at centres like Ujjain, Bharuch, Agra, Hathras, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli also caused industries to be located away from cotton producing areas.
(vi) Today cotton textile industry is located in almost every state of India on the basis of one or more favourable locational factors.
(vii) Importance of raw materials has given way to market or to a cheaper local labour force or to availability of power.
2. State the various problems faced by the Petrochemical industry of India.
Ans: Problems faced by the India petrochemical industry:
(i) The manufacturing units mostly use obsolete format of technology and are not able produce optimally.
(ii) There is a necessity for the modernization of equipments.
(iii) Excise duty on synthetic fiber should be rationalized.
(iv) Prevention of reservation on Small Scale Units.
(v) Plastic waste to be recycled and the littering habits to be discouraged.
(vi) India requires advantage on feedstock, so the import cost has to be brought down.
(vii) The industry should have access to the primary amenities of infrastructure.
3. What are the major features of liberalization?
Ans: Essential features of Liberalisation :
(i) Make the industries freedom from unnecessary controls and restriction.
(ii) Abolish recessing equipment except a short list.
(iii) Abolish restriction on expansion of contraction of business activities.
(iv) Removal the restriction on the movement of goods and services.
(v) Freedom in fixation of price of goods and services.
(vi) Minimising tax rates.
(vi) Easy forcing capital and technology.
(vii) Simplifying the system of import and export.
4. What are the major indices used for clustering of industries?
Ans: (i) Several indices are used to identify the clustering of industries.
(ii) Some important among them are:
(a) The number of industrial units.
(b) Number of industrial workers.
(iii) Quantum of power used for industrial purposes.
(iv) Total industrial output and
(v) Value added by manufacturing etc.
5. Give the major features of globalization.
Ans: Essential features of Globalization:
(i) Global outlook towards the economic activities.
(ii) Free flow of goods and services across countries.
(iii) Free flow of capital across nations.
(iv) Free flow of information technology.
(v) Free movement of people across borders.
(vi) Establishment of common and acceptable mechanism for the settlement of disputes.
6. Write the major features of foreign collaboration.
Ans: The major features of foreign collaboration for the growth of business are as follows:
(i) Agreement: Foreign collaboration is an agreement or contract between two or more companies from different countries for mutual benefit. The collaborating agreement can be between:
(a) Domestic and foreign private firm.
(b) Domestic and foreign public firm.
(c) Domestic Public and foreign private firm.
(d) Domestic government and foreign government.
(ii) Government consent: Foreign collaboration is now recognized as an important driver of growth in the country. Foreign collaboration requires Government approval, as the collaboration involves partnership between two countries. Some legal formalities are to be fulfilled to enter into, a contract. That requires government permission.
(iii) World integration: Globalisation means integration of world economy, where the world becomes a single market. Foreign collaboration allows different countries to enter into partnership and reap the benefit. It helps both the developed and developing countries to come together to achieve the common objectives and maintains international peace.
(iv) Growth of industrial sector: Foreign collaboration leads to growth of industries of the countries coming into contract. Foreign collaboration develops industries and increases employment opportunities, thereby improving the working conditions of the masses. Foreign collaboration encourages domestic and international entrepreneurs to invest in business activities and accelerates industrial growth.
(v) Gives legal Identity: Foreign collaboration is a legal entity between two or more parties for a particular purpose or venture.
(vi) Helps to meet out requirements: As no country in the world is self sufficient in itself. All countries need to be dependent on each other to meet out the requirements. Interdependence among countries is a common phenomenon these days. Foreign collaboration is very useful in meeting out the deficiencies of the resources and in getting advanced technology with competitive price.
7. Give an account of Gujarat industrial region.
Ans: The nucleus of this region lies between Ahmedabad and Vadodara but this region extends upto Valsad and Surat in the south and to Jamnagar in the west. Development of this region is also associated with the location of the cotton textile industry since 1860s.
This region became an important textile industry at Mumbai. Located in cotton growing area, this region has double advantage of the proximity of raw materials as well as of market. The discovery of oil fields led to the established of petrochemical industries around Ankleshwar, Vadodara and Jamnagar.
The port at Kandla helped in the rapid growth of this region. Petroleum refinery at Koyali provided raw materials to a host of petrochemical industries. The industrial structure is now diversified. Besides, textiles (cotton, silk and synthetic fabrics) and petrochemical industries, other industries are heavy and basic chemicals, motor, tractor, diesel engines, textile machinery, engineering.pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, sugar, dairy products and food processing, Recently, largest petroleum refinery has been set up at Jamnagar. Important industrial centres of this region are Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Bharuch, Koyali, Anand, Khera, Surendranagar, Rajkot, Surat, Valsad and Jamnagar.
7. Write the major features of Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region.
Ans: Industries located in this region have shown very fast growth in the recent past. This region is located far away from the mineral and power resources, and therefore, the industries are light and market-oriented. Electronics, light engineering and electrical goods are major industries of this region.
Besides, there are cotton, woollen and synthetic fabrics, hosiery, sugar, cement, machine tools, tractor, cycle, agricultural implements, chemical and vanaspati industries which have developed on large scale. Software industry is a recent addition. To the south lies the Agra-Mathura industrial area which specialised in glass and leather goods.
Mathura with an oil refinery is a petrochemical complex. Among industrial centres, mention be made of Guragaon, Delhi, Shahdara, Faridabad, Meerut, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Ambala, Agra and Mathura.
8. Give a note on Chota Nagpur industrial region.
Ans: Chotanagpur industrial region extends over Jharkhand, northern Orissa and western West Bengal and is known for the heavy metallurgical industries. This region owes its development to the discovery of coal in the Damodar Valley and metallic and non-metallic minerals in Jharkhand and northern Orissa.
Proximity of coal, iron ore and other minerals facilitated the location of heavy industries in this region. Six large integrated iron and steel plants at Jamshedpur, Burnpur Kulti, Durgapur, Bokaro and Rourkela are located within this region. To meet the power requirement, thermal and hydroelectric plants have been constructed in the Damodar Valley.
Densely populated surrounding regions provide cheap labour and Hugli region provides vast market for its industries. Heavy engineering machine tools, fertilisers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electricals are some of the important industries in this region. Important centres are Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa, Sindri, Hazaribag, Jamshedpur, Bokaro. Rourkela, Durgapur, Asansol and Dalmianagar.
9. What are the major indices used for Clustering of Industries.
Ans: (i) Several indices are used to identify the clustering of industries.
(ii) Some important among them are:
(a) The number of industrial units.
(b) Number of industrial workers.
(iii) Quantum of power used for industrial purposes.
(iv) Total industrial output and
(v) Value added by manufacturing etc.
10. Write the major features of Liberalisation of Industries.
Ans: Essential features of Liberalisation :
(i) Make the industries freedom from unnecessary controls and restriction.
(ii) Abolish recessing equipment except a short list.
(iii) Abolish restriction on expansion of contraction of business activities.
(iv) Removal the restriction on the movement of goods and services.
(v) Freedom in fixation of price of goods and services.
(vi) Minimising tax rates.
(vi) Easy forcing capital and technology.
(vii) Simplifying the system of import and export.
D. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS:
(Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words)
1. Describe the three dimensions of globalization policy.
Ans: Various dimensions of business environment are discussed below:
(a) Economic environment: Business cycles, growth of economy, employment, market, demand, supply, capital etc. are various factors of business environment, which are called altogether economic environment. Moreover, économic polices, economic system etc are also major part of economic environment of a country. As for example, there are mainly three economic system such as capitalist, socialist, mixed economy system. These three economic system have different impact on the economic environment of a country. So that economic environment of U.S.A (capalalist) is differed from India (Mixed).
(b) Social environment: Social factors have high influence on the non-economic environment of business. Social environment includes people’s attitudes, family, ethical aspects, marriage, cultural aspect, Religion, education and social responsibly of business etc. As for example, different countries have different habits, customs, beliefs, traditions value, attitude, language etc., Which so different impact on the environment.
(c) Technology environment: It includes factors relating to scientific improvement and innovations by help of which new production technology and system can be made. As for example, the introduction of computer influenced highly on production technology such as speedy, accuracy, modification etc.
(d) Political environment: Political environment implies the impact of mainly three political institution such as (i) legislature (ii) Executive, (iii) Indiciary. These political institution differently shape the controlling system of government on business. As for example, declaration of emergency in the country, changes in the form or structure of administration of government etc. can influence in different way of business environment..
(e) Legal environment: It includes various legislations. court judgement, decision of various commission and agencies at every government level.
As for example: Companies Act 1956, Trade union Act 1926. Industrial disputes. Act 1947, Consumer protection act 1986, Factories Act 1948. Foreign exchange management Act 2000 etc., various acts or legislations can impact the business environment differently.
2. Give an account of the industrial regions of India.
Ans: Industrial Regions of India: Industrial Regions and Districts:
Major Industrial Regions:
(a) Mumbai-Pune Region
(b) Hugli Region
(c) Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Region
(d) Gujarat Region
(e) Chotanagpur Region
(f)Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region
(g) Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Region and
(h) Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region.
Minor Industrial Region:
(a) Ambala-Amritsar
(b) Saharanpur-Muzaffarnagar-Bijnor,
(c) Indore-Dewas-Ujjain
(d) Jaipur-Ajmer
(e) Kolhapur-South Kannada
(f)Northern Malabar
(g) Adilabad-Nizamabad
(h) Allahabad-Varanasi-Mirzapur
(i) Bhojpur-Munger
(j) Durg-Raipur
(k) Bilaspur-Korba nad
(l) Brahmaputra Valley.
3. Considering the bases how you classify the industries?
Ans: (i) Industries are classified in a number of ways.
(ii) On the basis of size, capital investment and labour force employed, industries are classified as large, medium, small scale, and cottage industries.
(iii) On the basis of ownership, industries are grouped as:
(a) Public sector
(b) Private sector
(c) Joint sector
(d) Cooperative sector
(iv) Public sector enterprises are government/state controlled companies or corporations:
(a) They are funded by governments.
(b) Industries of strategic and national importance are in the public sector.
(iv) Industries are also classified on the basis of the use of their products like:
(a) Basic goods industries
(b) Capital goods industries
(c) Intermediate goods industries and
(d) Consumer goods industries.
(v) Another basis of classification of industries is the raw materials used by them like:
(a) Agriculture-based industries
(b) Forest-based industries
(c) Mineral-based industries, and
(d) Industrially processed raw material based industries.
(vi) Classification of industries is also based on the nature of the manufactured products.
Eight classes of industries in this group are:
(a) Metallurgical industries
(b) Mechanical Engineering industries
(c) Chemical and Allied industries
(d) Textile industries
(e) Food Processing industries
(f) Electricity generation
(g) Electronics and
(h) Communication industries
(i) Footloose industries.
Footloose industries do not depend on raw material availability, location or on any other factor. They can be located anywhere.
4. Describe the factors which influence location of industries.
Ans: Factors Influencing Industrial Location: Generally, location of industries is influenced by economic considerations though certain non-economic considerations also might influence the location of some industries.
Maximisation of profit which also implies cost minimization is the most important goal in their choice of particular places for the location of industries. There are several factors which pull the industry to a particular place.
Some of the major factors influencing location are discussed below:
(a) Availability of raw materials: In determining the location of an industry, nearness to sources of raw material is of vital importance Nearness to the sources of raw materials would reduce the cost ost of production of the industry. For most of the major industries, the cost of raw materials form the bulk of the total cost. Therefore, most of the agro-based and forest-based industries are located in the vicinity of the sources of raw material supply.
(b) Availability of Labour: Adequate supply of cheap and skilled labour is necessary for and industry. The attraction of an industry towards labour centres depends on the ratio of labour cost to the total cost of production which Weber calls ‘Labour cost of Index’. The availability of skilled workers in the interior parts of Bombay region was one of the factors responsible for the initial concentration of cotton textile industry in the region.
(c) Proximity to Markets: Access to markets is an important factor which the entrepreneur must take into consideration. Industries producing perishable or bulky commodities which cannot be transported over long distance are generally located in close proximity to markets. Industries located near the markets could be able to reduce the costs of transport in distributing the finished product as in the case of bread and bakery, ice, tins, cans manufacturing, etc. Accessibility of markets is more important in the case of industries manufacturing consumer goods rather than producer goods.
(d) Transport Facilities: Transport facilities, generally, influence the. location of industry. The transportation with its three modes, i.e., water, road, and rail collectively plays an important role. So the junction points of water-ways, roadways and railways become humming centres of industrial activity. Further, the modes and rates of transport and transport policy of Government considerably affect the location of industrial units. The heavy concentration of cotton textile industry in Bombay has been due to the cheap and excellent transportation network both in regard to raw materials and markets.
(e) Power: Another factor influencing the location of an industry is the availability of cheap power. Water, wind, coal, gas, oil and electricity are the chief sources of power. Both water and wind power were widely sought at sources of power supply before the invention of steam engine. During the nineteenth century, nearness to coal-fields became the principal locating influence on the setting up of new industries, particularly, for heavy industries. With the introduction of other sources of power like electricity, gas, oil, etc, the power factor became more flexible leading to dispersal and decentralization of industries.
(f) Site and Services: Existence of public utility services, cheapness of the value of the site, amenities attached to a particular site like level of ground, the nature of vegetation and location of allied activities influence the location of an industry to a certain extent. The government has classified some areas as backward areas where the entrepreneurs would be granted various incentives like subsidies, or provision of finance at concessional rate, or supply of power a cheaper rates and provision of education and training facilities. Some entrepreneurs induced by such incentives may come forward to locate their units in such areas.
(g) Finance: Finance is required for the setting up of an industry, for its running, and also at the time of its expansion. The availability of capital at cheap rates of interests and in adequate amount is a dominating factor influencing industrial location. For instance, a review of locational history of Indian cotton textile industry indicates that concentration of the industry in and around Bombay in the early days was mainly due to the presence of rich and enterprising Parsi and Bhatia merchants, who supplied vast financial resources.
(h) Natural and Climatic Considerations: Natural and climatic considerations include the level of ground, topography of a region. water facilities, drainage facilities, disposal of waste products, etc. These factors sometimes influence the location of industries. For instance, in the case of cotton textile industry, humid climate provides an added advantage since the frequency of yarn breakage is low. The humid climate of Bombay in India and Manchester in Britain offered great scope for the development of cotton textile industry in those centres.
5. Give a geographical account of the iron and steel industries of India.
Ans: The iron and steel industry:
(i) Development of the iron and steel industry opened the doors to rapid industrial development in India.
(ii) Almost all sectors of the Indian industry depend heavily on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure.
(iii) We cannot make tools to be used in agriculture without iron.
(iv) Other raw material besides iron ore and cooking coal. required for iron and steel industry are limestone, dolomite, manganese and fire clay.
(a) All these raw materials are weight-losing. Hence, the best location for the iron and steel plants is near the source of raw materials.
(b) In India, there is a crescent shaped region which comprises parts of Chhattisgarh, Northern Orissa, Jharkhand and Western West Bengal.
(c) It is extremely rich in high grade iron one, good quality cooking coal and other supplementing raw materials.
(v) Iron and steel industry of India consists of large integrated steel plants as well as mini steel mills.
(a) It also includes secondary producers, rolling mills and ancillary industries. Integrated Steel Plants.
The integrated steel plants are described below:
TISOC:
(i) Tata Iron and Steel plant is located very close to the Mumbai Kolkata railway line.
(ii) It is about 240 km away from Kolkata. Kolkata is the nearest port for the export of steel.
(ii) Rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai provide water to the plant.
(iv) Iron ore is obtained from Noamundi and Badam Pahar.
(v) Coal is brought from Joda mines in Orissa.
(vi) Cooking coal comes from Jharia and West Bokaro coalfields.
IISOC:
(i) Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) set up its first factory at Hirapur and later on another at Kulti.
(ii) The plants were taken over by the government in 1972-73 due to sharp fall in their production.
Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Works Ltd.
(VISL):
(i) Third integrated steel plant is the Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel works.
(ii) It was initially called as the Mysore Iron and Steel works.
6. Give a geographical account of the locational factors of cotton textile industries in India.
Ans: The locational factors of cotton textile industries in India are:
(i) Cotton is a ‘pure’ raw material. It does not lose weight in the manufacturing process.
(ii) Other locational factors like, power to drive the looms, labour, capital or market determine the location of the industry.
(iii) At present the trend is to locate the industry at or close to markets, as it is the market that decides the kind of cloth to be produced.
(iv) Market for the finished products is extremely variable. Hence, it becomes important to locate the mills close to the market.
7. Give a geographical account of the Sugar industry of India.
Ans: Sugar Industry of India:
Introduction:
(i) Sugar industry is the second most important agro-based industry in the country.
(ii) India is the largest producer of both sugarcane and cane sugar.
(iii) It contributes about 8 percent of the total sugar production in the world.
(iv) Khandsari and gur or jaggery are also prepared from sugarcane
(v) This industry provides employment for more than 4 lakh persons directly and a large number of farmers indirectly.
(vi)Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because of the seasonality of raw materials.
Evolution:
(i) Development of sugar industry on modern lines dates back to 1903.
(ii) The first sugar mill was started in Bihar.
(iii) Afterwards, sugar mills were set up in other parts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
(iv) In 1950-51, 139 factories were in operation. They produced 11.34 lakh tonnes of sugar.
(v) The number of sugar factories rose to 506. They produced 176,99 lakh tonnes of sugar in 2000-01.
(vi) Sugar production has reached 184 lakh tonne mark in 2005-06.
Location Factors:
(i) Sugarcane is a weight-losing crop.
(ii) Ratio of sugar to sugarcane varies between 9 to 12 percent depending on its variety.
(iii) Its sucrose content begins to dry during haulage after it has been harvested from the field.
(iv) Better recovery of sugar depends upon its being crushed within 24 hours of its harvesting.
(v) Sugar factories hence, are located in the cane producing regions.
Distribution:
Maharashtra:
(i) Maharashtra has emerged as a leading sugar producer in the country.
(ii) It produces more than 33% of the total production of the sugar in the country.
(iii) There are 119 sugar mills in the state in a narrow belt which extends from man made in the north to Kolhapur in the south.
(iv) Of these 87 mills are in the cooperative sector.
Uttar Pradesh:
(i) Uttar Pradesh is the second largest producer of sugar.
(ii) Sugar mills are located in two belts
(a) The Ganga-Yamuna doab and
(b) the Terai region.
Tamil Nadu:
(i) In Tamil Nadu, sugar factories are located in Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai Villupuram and Tiruchchirappalli districts.
Karnataka: Belgaum, Bellary, Mandya, Shimoga, Bijapur and Chitra district are the major producers in Karnataka.
Andhra Pradesh:
(i) The industry is distributed in the coastal regions.
Other states: Others states which produce sugar are Bihar, Pun Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.
8. Describe the effect of knowledge-based industries on India economy and their contribution to GDP.
Ans: Knowledge-Based Industries:
Effect on Economy: Advancement in Information Technology has positively influenced country’s economy.
(i) The Information Technology (IT) revolution opened up new possibilities of economic and social transformation.
(ii) The IT enabled business process outsourcing (ITES-BPO) services continue to be on a robust growth path.
(iii) Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy.
(iv) Exports of the Indian software and services were Rs. 78,230 crore in 2004-05 which is approximately 30-32 percent increase from 2003-04.
(v) The software industry has surpassed electronic hardware production.
(vi) Indian government has created a number of software parks in the country.
Contribution in GDP (Gross Domestic Product):
(i) The IT software and services industry account for almost 2 percent of India’s GDP.
(ii) India’s software industry has achieved a remarkable distinction in providing quality products.
(iii) A large number of Indian software companies have acquired international quality certification.
(iv) A majority of the multinational companies operating in the area of information technology have either software development centres or research development centres in India.
(v) In the hardware development sector, India is yet to make a remarkable achievement.
Employment Opportunities:
(i) A major impact of this growth has been on employment creation, which has almost doubled every year.
(ii) On March 31, 2005 the industry provided more than 10 lakh professionals, which as reached more than one crore as on 31 March, 2007.
9. Describe the major features of Mumbai Pune Industrial legion.
Ans: It extends form Mumbai-Thane to Pune and in adjoining districts of Nashik and Solapur. Besides industrial development has been rapid in Kolaba, Ahmednagar, Satara, Sangli and Jalgaon districts. Development of this region started with the location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai.
Mumbai, with cotton hinterland and moist climate favoured the location of cotton textile industry. Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 provided impetus to the growth of Mumbai port. Machineries were imported through This port. Hydro-electricity was developed in the Western Ghat region to meet the requirements of this industry.
With the development of cotton textile industry, chemical industry also developed. Opening of the Mumbai High petroleum field and erection of Nuclear energy plants added additional pull to this region.
Besides, engineering goods, petroleum refining, petrochemicals, leather, Synthetic and plastic goods, drugs, fertilisers, electrical, shipbuilding, Electronics, software, transport equipments and food industries also developed. Important industrial centres are Mumbai, Kolaba, Kalyan, Thane, Trombay, Pune, Pimpri, Nashik, Manmad, Solapur, Kohl Ahmednagar, Satara and Sangli.
10. Give a geographical account of Cotton Textile Industry India.
Ans: Cotton Textile Industry of India:
As a Cottage Industry:
(i) Cotton textile industry is one of the traditional industries of India.
(ii) In the ancient and medieval times, it removed as a cottage industries.
(iii) India was famous worldwide for the production of muslin, a very fine cotton cloth, calicos, chintz and other different varieties of fine cotton cloth.
(iv) The industry developed in India due to several factors.
(a) It is a tropical country and cotton is the most comfortable fabric for a hot and humid climate.
(b) Large quantity of cotton was grown in India.
(c) Abundant skilled labour required for this industry was available in the country.
(d) In some areas people were producing cotton textiles for generations and transferred the skill from one generation to the other. In the process they perfected their skills.
Discouragement to the Industry:
(i) In the beginning, the British did not encourage the development of the indigenous cotton textile industry.
(ii) They exported raw cotton to their mills in Manchester and Liverpool
(iii) They brought back the finished products to be sold in India.
(iv) This cloth was cheaper because it was produced at mass scale in factories in U.K. in comparison to the cottage based industries India.
Rise and Fall:
(i) In 1854, the first modern cotton mill was set up in Mumbai
(ii) Mumbai had several advantages as a cotton textile manufacturing centre.
(a) It was very close to the cotton producing areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
(b) Raw cotton was brought to Mumbai port to be transported to England. Therefore, cotton was available in Mumbai city itself.
(c) Employment opportunities attracted labour in large numbers. Hence, cheap and abundant labour too was available locally.
(d) The machinery required for a cotton textile mill was directly imported from England.
(iii) Afterwards, two more mills, the Shahpur mill and the Calico mill were set up in Ahmedabad.
(iv) Cotton textile industry gradually recovered and eventually flourished.
(v)In 1998, India had 1782 mills of which 192 mills were in the public sector and 151 mills in the cooperative sector and 1,439 mills were in the private sector.
Two Broad Sectors:
(i) The cotton textile industry in India is broadly divided into two sectors:
(a) The organised sector and
(b) The decentralised sector.
Notes of AHSEC Class 12 Geography Unit 18 | English Medium Class 12 Geography Notes In this post we will explain to you Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Question Answer | AHSEC Class 12 Geography Question Answer Unit 18 If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you.
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