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B.A 1st Sem Political Science Minor Unit 3 Liberty
B.A 1st Semester Political Science Unit 3 Liberty Solution English Medium | Guide for B.A First Semester Political Science Minor Unit 3 Also Same NCERT Solutions for B.A 1st Sem Political Science In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT, B.A 1st Sem Political Science Chapter 3.
Unit 3 Liberty
CONCEPT IN POLITICAL THEORY – I
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. Who said that liberty means power to do anything that does not injure another?
Ans: Laski.
2. Who said that from liberty is meant, “Every man is free to do what he wills, provided his infringes not the freedom of other man?”
Ans: Herbert Spencer.
3. Who said, “liberty is the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which the men have the opportunity to be at their best selves?”
Ans: Laski.
4. Type of liberty, which a man enjoys as a member of civil society, is called-
Ans: Civil liberty.
5. The liberty, which people enjoy for earning their bread, is called-
Ans: Economic liberty.
6. When national enjoy both interns as well as external liberty it is called-
Ans: National liberty.
7. Who said that liberty is primarily absence of restraints?
Ans: Seeley.
8. Who said that liberty is means for the Ponsation of fullness of individual’s life?
Ans: Benjamin.
9. According to Individualists people can enjoy maximum
liberty only when state-
Ans: Performs minimum functions.
10. According to Idealists liberty lies in:
Ans: Complete obedience to laws.
11. Liberty means providing those conditions which are essential for development of human personality’ is the view of:
Ans: Modern thinkers.
12. Which one is not an essential condition for safeguarding liberty?
Ans: Federal system.
13. What is the meaning of Liberty?
Ans: The word ‘Liberty’ is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means freedom. Thus, etymologically, liberty means freedom or absence of restraint. Liberty in the essential condition for the enjoyment of one’s rights. It is not the absence of restraints just as beauty is not the absence of ugliness.
14. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
Ans: Liberty means powers to do anything that does not injure another.
15. “Freedom or liberty is the positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying and that too something we do or enjoy in common with others.” This definition was given by:
Ans: T.H Green.
16. Who of the following said ‘Political liberty in the absence of economic liberty is a myth’?
Ans: G.D.H. Cole.
17. Liberty and equality are not contradictory but complimentary to each other. This was said by:
Ans: H.J. Laski.
18. Which of the following is not an essential condition for maintaining liberty?
Ans: Discretionary powers with the executive.
19. Which one of the following is not true about liberty?
Ans: It is a licence to do what one wants to do.
20. Who of the following has laid stress on positive aspect of liberty?
Ans: H.J. Laski.
21. Who of the following has laid stress on negative aspect of liberty?
Ans: J.S. Mill.
22. Who has defined liberty by saying “freedom is not the absence of restraints but rather the substitution of rational ones for the irrational”?
Ans: G.D.H. Cole.
23. The term liberty derives its origin from:
Ans: Latin language.
25. Who of the following has not supported the idea of moral liberty?
Ans: Karl Marx.
26. Liberty to make criticism of the policies of the government is:
Ans: Political right.
27. Individual’s right to demand work and leisure is covered under:
Ans: Economic liberty.
28. Who of the following has said, “Law is the condition of liberty”?
Ans: Ritchie.
29. Which of the following is not true about liberty?
Ans: It does not mean freedom of media.
30. Which one of the following is not covered under civil liberty?
Ans: Freedom of vote in the manner one will like to.
31. The term liberty has been drawn from the Latin term:
Ans: Liber.
32. Who said that ‘Liberty is the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity of be their nest self”?
Ans: Laski.
33. Which one of the following statements is correct?
Ans: Liberty is not total absence of restraints but the existence of socially acceptable restraints.
34. Who said that liberty consists in following the moral law?
Ans: Spinoza.
35. The view that “Liberty consists in following the moral law” is associated with:
Ans: Idealists.
36. Who was an advocate of positive liberty?
Ans: J.S.Mill.
37. Who is considered the chief advocate of negative liberty?
Ans: Bentham.
38. Who said that ‘liberty is the absence of all restraints’?
Ans: Seeley.
19. Liberty in negative sense means:
Ans: Right to do whatever one likes.
SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. Show the relationship between law and liberty. How does law products and helps liberty?
Ans: Law and liberty are closely related. It is like that without law, liberty can be in danger and without liberty law loses its very purpose of promotions of human welfare. Law is the protector and preserver of liberty. It involves the presence of rational and historically tested restraints which are necessary for the creation of such conditions as can enable all the people to enjoy their rights and liberty.
Law protects and helps liberty in the following way:
(i) Law lays down rules for the regulation of the behaviour of the people in society without these there can be no order in society. By maintaining order, law makes it possible for the people to enjoy their liberty.
(ii) Law gives legal protection to the rights of the people, including the right to liberty. It enforces the rights of the people and ensures that these are really made available to them. Without legal enforcement there can be no real rights and freedom.
(iii) Law helps liberty by settling the disputes between the people over their rights. This indeed is a necessary condition of liberty. Law provides justice, a necessary condition of liberty. Law punished every violation of the liberty of the people.
(iv) One of the best ways to protect right to freedom is to make all the rights of the people a part of the supreme law of the land i.e. a part of the constitution of the state.
(v) Liberty involves the presence of retrains which are necessary, logical and historical. There are also to be enforced uniformity over all the people and their organisations. Law acts for all. It binds all. It is objective. It ensure justice. It helps people to meet their needs. Hence, law alone has their potential to lay down and enforce uniformly the restraints which are essential for the enjoyment of liberty by all.
(vi) Finally, Law by dominating exploitation of man by other, by protecting the interest of all section of society, by keeping the struggle for power and economic competition healthy, and by providing social, economic, political and physical security to the people, helps and ensure, liberty for all.
2. What is meant by liberty? Explain the different kinds of liberty.
Ans: The word ‘Liberty’ is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means freedom. Thus, etymologically, liberty means freedom or absence of restraint. Liberty in the essential condition for the enjoyment of one’s rights.
It is not the absence of restraints just as beauty is not the absence of ugliness According to Seelay, “Liberty is the opposite of government.” G. D. H. Gale said, “Liberty is the freedom of individual to express, without external hindrances, his personality.” According to Mahatma Gandhi, “Liberty does not mean the absence of restraint but it has development of personality.” Laski defines, the liberty as the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be their best slaves.
Kinds of Liberty: The concept of Liberty involves several of its kinds which can be discussed as follows:
(i) Natural Liberty: Traditionally the concept of Liberty remained a popular one. However, now it has lost much of its relevance and support. In this way liberty is taken to mean the enjoyment of unrestrained natural freedom and it is justified on the ground that since man is born free, he is to enjoy freedom to act as he wills. All restraints negate his freedom. According Rousseau, “man is born free, but everywhere he is in claims.”
They, therefore, argue that all types of restrictions, social, political or religious, destroy the liberty of the people and that controls of government lead to the curtailment of Liberty of men. However, the concept of natural liberty is now considered to be an imaginary one.
(ii) Civil Liberty: Liberty which individual enjoys as a member of the society is called civil liberty. It is equally available to all the individuals. All enjoys equal freedom and rights in society. Civil liberty is not unrestrained liberty. It is enjoyed only under the restrictions imposed by the state and society.
Civil Liberty is the very opposite of natural liberty. Civil liberty has two aspects. Viz.
(a) State guarantees civil liberty, and
(b) Civil liberty stands for the protection of rights and freedom from undue interferences by government.
3. Write a short on necessary condition of liberty.
Ans: Necessary condition of liberty: There should be true independence for realisation of liberty, requisite conditions are:
(a) Rule of Democracy where ultimate power is vested in the hands of the people.
(b) Another condition of liberty is separation of powers.
(c) Independence of judiciary is another condition for realisation of liberty.
(d) Rule of law implies that all are equal before the eyes of law. According to Laski, ‘liberty can never be real it some people enjoy special privileges in comparison to another people’.
(e) Realisation of Rights is another condition for realisation of liberty. Without fundamental right one cannot realise about liberty properly.
(f) There should not be any discrimination among the people in case of money or wealth i.e. poor and rich. To, economic equality is another condition to realise liberty.
4. “Political liberty is meaning less without economic equality” Comment.
Ans: Both liberty and equality are considered the main basis of democracy. Both are the most popular concepts and one cannot exists without the other. In the absence of one other is meaningless. Discussing the relationship between liberty and equality in his book “Grammar of Politics’, Laski remarked that “political liberty, in the of economic equality is held to be a mere myth.”
We must understand the meaning of those terms clearly in order to understand the saying of Laski.
According to Laski, Political liberty means the power to be active in the affairs of the state.
Following things are included in this types of liberty:
(i) To exercise the right to vote in order to form the government of the state.
(ii) Right to contest elections.
(iii) Right to make use of the press and platform freely.
(iv) Right to hold political of public office.
(v) Right to criticize the government.
(vi) Right to form political party.
On the other hand the economic equality means:
All the citizens should enjoy equal opportunities for earnings the livelihood.
(ii) All the citizens should have the means to meet their needs.
(iii) Gross inequalities of Wealth Should not exist in Society.
(iv) Absence of exploitation of man-by-man.
(v) Means of production and distribution should be controlled in such a way that they stand for public welfare.
5. What do you mean by liberty? State the main features of Liberty.
Ans: The word ‘Liberty’ is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means freedom. Thus, etymologically, liberty means freedom or absence of restraint. Liberty in the essential condition for the enjoyment of one’s rights. It is not the absence of restraints just as beauty is not the absence of ugliness.
According to Seelay, “Liberty is the opposite of government.” G. D. H. Gale said, “Liberty is the freedom of individual to express, without external hindrances, his personality.” According to Mahatma Gandhi, “Liberty does not mean the absence of restraint but it his development of personality.” Laski defines, the liberty as the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be their best slaves.
Features of liberty:
(i) Liberty does not mean the absence of all restraints.
(ii) Liberty admits the presence of rational restraints and the absence of irrational restraints.
(iii) Liberty postulates the existence of such conditions in which people can enjoy their rights and develop their faculties and be their best slaves.
(iv) Liberty is not a license to do anything and everything. It involves the freedom to do only those things which are considered worth-doing or worth-enjoying
(v) Liberty is possible only a civil society and not in a state of nature or a ‘state of jungle.’ State of anarchy can never be a state of liberty,
(vi) Liberty is for all. Liberty means the presence of adequate opportunities for all as can enable all the people to enjoy their rights.
(vii) Since Liberty is not absence of restraints and it is present only in a civilised society. Law is an essential condition of Liberty.
(viii) Without liberty right do not have a meaning.
LONG TYPE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
1. What is meant by liberty? Explain the different kinds of liberty.
Ans: The word ‘Liberty’ is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means freedom. Thus, etymologically, liberty means freedom or absence of restraint. Liberty in the essential condition for the enjoyment of one’s rights. It is not the absence of restraints just as beauty is not the absence of ugliness.
According to Seelay, “Liberty is the opposite of government.” G.D. H. Gale said, “Liberty is the freedom of individual to express, without external hindrances, his personality.” According to Mahatma Gandhi, “Liberty does not mean the absence of restraint but it his development of personality.” Laski defines, the liberty as the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be their best slaves.
Kinds of Liberty: The concept of Liberty involves several of its kinds which can be discussed as follows:
(i) Natural Liberty: Traditionally the concept of Liberty remained a popular one. However, now it has lost much of its relevance and support. In this way liberty is taken to mean the enjoyment of unrestrained natural freedom and it is justified on the ground that since man is born free, he is to enjoy freedom to act as he wills. All restraints negate his freedom.
According Rouss, “man is born free, but everywhere he is in claims. They, therefore, argue that all types of restrictions, social, political religious, destroy the liberty of the people and that controls of government lead to the curtailment of liberty of men. However, the concept of natural liberty is now considered to be an imaginary one.
(ii) Civil Liberty: Liberty which individual enjoys as a member of the society is called civil liberty. It is equally available to all the individuals All enjoys equal freedom and rights in society. Civil liberty is not unrestrained liberty. It is enjoyed only under the restrictions imposed by the state and society. Civil Liberty is the very opposite of natural liberty. Civil liberty has two aspects.
These are:
(a) State guarantees civil liberty, and
(b) Civil liberty stands for the protection of rights and freedom from undue interferences by government.
(iii) Political Liberty: The opportunities to enjoy political rights by the people is defined as political liberty. When the people have the freedom of participation in the political process, it is held that they enjoy political liberty. This type of liberty involves the exercise of such rights as the right to vote, right to contest elections, right to hold public office, right to criticise and oppose the policies of the government, right of form political parties, interest groups and pressure groups, and the right to change the government through constitutional means. Laski observes, “political liberty means the power to be active in the affairs of the state.”
(iv) Individual Liberty or personal liberty: Individual Liberty means the freedom to pursue one’s desire and interests as a person but which do not clash with the interests or desires of others. The freedom of speech and expressions, freedom of residence, freedom of movement, freedom of conscience, freedom of taste and pursuits, freedom to choose any profession trade and occupation, freedom to profess any religion or not, freedom to accept or not to accept any ideology etc. However, all these freedoms are to be exercised in a way as does not hinder the equal freedom of others as well as the public order, health and morality.
(v) Economic Liberty: Laski defines economic liberty as freedom from wants of tomorrow and availability of adequate opportunities for earning the livelihood. It stands for freedom from poverty, and unemployment, and the ability to enjoy at least the three basic minimum food, clothing and shelter. According to Laski, “By economic liberty we mean security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in the earning of one’s daily bread.”
(vi) National Liberty: National liberty is another name of freedom of the nation.
It denotes that the people of a nations have the freedom:
(a) to have a constitution of their own.
(b) to pursue independence in foreign, relation through the formulation and implementation of an independent foreign policy and
(c) to organise own government freely and adopt any form of government.
(d) freedom from external control over their political system.
2. Write a note on evolution of the concept of liberty.
Ans: The concept of liberty has developed mainly in modern times and is closely associated with the philosophy of individualism. In the ancient and mediaeval periods, the concept of liberty in the present form was missing. The ancient philosopher like Socrates, Plato refused to accept the idea of individual liberty against society or state. For, the Greek the liberty involves participation is the affairs of the state or society. Thus, the Greek did not know the concept of liberty as we understand today. They did not differentiate between state and society, state and government and thought in terms of life partnership state.
During the medieval period, there was no idea of individual liberty. In those days, the ideas of salvation and freedom of soul were prominent. However, there were reformation of liberty.
(i) Renaissance: As a result of the renaissance, a multi dimensional demand for liberty was made. There were liberty of religion demanded from church and the papacy, Economic liberty of free contract and free market was demanded against the feudal economic order. Political theory was demanded against the monarchs. The demand for liberty was raised against the then existing religious, economic, social and moral order. The absence of restraints was regarded as a precondition for individual liberty
(ii) Utilitarians: The utilitarians like Bentham considered the government as a necessary evil. For them, liberty was not an end in itself, but a valuable means of happiness. If people were left alone, they would naturally seek happiness.
(iii) Kant: According to Kant, a man who became really free when subjected himself to the dictates of universal reason and when he did what he ought to do. This idea was further emphasized by Hegal. According to Hegal, freedom must be understood as a social phenomenon. It was gift of the social, legal and ethical institutions of the community.
(iv) Green: T. S. Green described Bentham’s idea of freedom as a negative one. According to Bentam, “liberty as a positive power or capacity of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying”. It was both social and individual concept. According to this view the quality of liberty enjoyed by the people depended upon the moral quality of society and the persons who constituted that society.
(v) J.S. Mill: J. S. Mill divided the different sphere of human action into two parts self regarding and others regarding actions. The individual was free with regard to self-regarding actions but was subject to the control of the government as regards others regarding actions.
(vi) Barker: According to Barkar, “Liberty in the state is plural. It is civil, political and economic.” It is a complex motion. Barkar stated that liberty is one of the principles of justice and one of the procedural rules on which the state and law must act.
(vi) Laski: According to Laski, “Liberty is the produced of rights.” Without rights there can not be any liberty. Without rights, men are the subjects of law unrelated to the needs of personality. Laski classified liberty into three parts – private, political and economic.
3. What is liberty? Discuss the relationship between law and liberty.
Ans: Generally, liberty means liberator normalization of consumption of rights. The word ‘Liberty’ is derived from Latin word ‘liber’ which means unrestricted freedom. In a word, liberty means freedom to do everything provided without interfering the others right. It is a product of rights.
But unrestricted liberty is not possible in a civilized society. Hence, true liberty can be enjoyed it there is some limitations to follow.
Definition: According to Laski, Liberty is the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be their best selves. According to Fierbeit Spencer Every man is free to do that which he will provided the infringes, not the equal freedom of any other mam’, Seeley observes, ‘Liberty is the opposite of over government’.
It is said that liberty denotes absence of restraints or restrictions upon the existence of those social conditions which in modern civilization are necessary guarantees of individual happiness.
Relationship between Law and Liberty:
(i) To get exemptions from slavish condition of Greek women.
(ii) To maintain a corruption free ideal state.
(iii) To prevent the ruler class from selfishness and narrowness of family life.
(iv) To concentrate the ruler with his administration heart and soul.
(v) To reduce difference between man and women.
4. What is Liberty? Explain the different means through which the liberty of the citizens may be safeguarded.
Ans: The word ‘Liberty’ is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means freedom. Thus, etymologically, liberty means freedom or absence of restraint. Liberty in the essential condition for the enjoyment of one’s rights. It is not the absence of restraints just as beauty is not the absence of ugliness.
According to Seelay, “Liberty is the opposite of government.” G. D. H. Gale said, “Liberty is the freedom of individual to express, without external hindrances, his personality.” According to Mahatma Gandhi, “Liberty does not mean the absence of restraint but it his development of personality.” Laski defines, the liberty as the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be their best slaves.
The following stand universally recognised as essential safeguards of Liberty:
(i) Love for Liberty: The first major safeguard of Liberty is the love for liberty. Only when people are mentally in love with liberty, they have a passion for liberty and they realise in full measure the absolute importance of liberty that the liberty can be really safeguarded.
(ii) Evernai vigilance: The commitment of the people of continuously defend their liberty and their full alertness against any encroachment on their liberty, is the second most important safeguard of liberty. People must remain continuously vigilant against every attempt of the power holders to encroach upon their liberty.
(iii) Grants of equal right to all: For safeguarding liberty, it is essential that in society there should be no privileged class of persons. Liberty can exist only when equal eights are guaranteed to all classes of people without any discrimination. Grant of special privileges and rights to any class is always against the spirit of liberty.
(iv) Democratic polity: Establishment of a democratic polity is an essential safeguard of liberty. Both liberty and democracy are supplementary to each other. We can not conceive of a democratic polity without the presence of civil, economic, political and individual liberty.
(v) The right should be independent: Laski suggest that the state must ensure that rights and freedoms of some people should not be dependent upon the will and happiness of others. The rulers and ruled should both be under the rule of law.
(vi) Unbiased government action: For safeguarding the liberty, it is essential that the government should exercise unbiased and impartial control over every section of society. The bureaucracy must remain neutral and act independently for giving equal benefits of administrative policies and laws to every section of society.
(vii) Protection of Fundamental rights: One of the key methods of safeguarding liberty is to incorporate a charter of fundamental rights and freedom in the constitution of the state. Along with it, judicial protection should be given to rights.
(viii) Independence of judiciary: Judiciary should be assigned the responsibility to protect the right to freedom as well as all rights of the people.
(ix) Separation of power: Along with independence of judiciary, separation of powers should be effected between the legislature and executive.
(x) Decentralisation of power: For safeguarding liberty against possible dictatorship or authoritarianism it is essential that decentralisation 1 of powers should be secured in the organisation of government.
(xi) Rule of law: All the people of the state should enjoy equal rights and freedoms. Along with it all should be under the same laws and bound s by same types of obligation.
(xii) Political education and enlightened citizenship: For safeguarding liberty, it is essential that people should be duly educated and enlightened. They should be fully aware of their rights and freedoms as well as enlightened enough to judge the dangerous to their liberty.
(xiii) Economic equality: Equitable and fairer distribution of income, wealth and resources, and adequate opportunities for employment are essential safeguards of liberty.
(xiv) Well organised interest group and non-governmental organisation: One very essential safeguard of liberty is the presence of well organised and active interest groups and non-governmental organisations or voluntary social service organisation.
Liberty is the most important and a fundamental condition of human society as without it there can be little development of the personalities of the people. Thus, there is every need to secure, protect and guarantee liberty to one and all in society.
5. ‘Liberty without equality is meaningless.’ Discuss.
Ans: Liberty and equality are inseparable to each other. One cannot enjoy liberty without equality. On the other hand, equality is a must to fulfilment of liberty.
Since time immemorial people have been enjoying quality and liberty. B modern states have modernised it with some short of restriction or limitations. By the concept of equality they meant the special priviledges
In the missile of the 18th century. Political thinkers opined that there were no difference between liberty and equality liberty means freedom ie do anything. Consume anything, movement any where without hampering others right, but equality implies economic and social equality. Later, the liberal thinkers considered that social and economic equality were contrary to the principle of political equality. Those thinkers supported only negative aspect of liberty only as like as the socialist.
On the other hand, absolute liberty would destroy equality, unless there is equality, the power handed class would control the machinery of state Inequality of wealth will make the poor people unhappy. To develop their inner qualities, each and everyman should get liberty.
For that purpose state should remove the inequality of wealth.
The second view of equality extends side by side support to liberty where it has conceded the both.
According to Pollard, There is only one solution to the problem of liberty, It lays in equality.’
This school of Principle (Positive of Liberal view) is viewed that some value liberty more than equality. It is better to say that they complement each other. It is the good sign of democracy. Modern political system is quite democratic in form.
Hence, we come to conclusion that liberty and equality have some importance which neither in conflict nor separate one depends upon another.
Notes of B.A First Semester Political Science Unit 3 | B.A 1st Sem Political Science Minor Notes In this post we will explain to you B.A 1st Sem Political Science Chapter 3 Question Answer | BA 1st Sem Political Science Question Answer Unit 3 If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you.
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