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Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 Process of Social Change in India
Class 12 Sociology Unit 6 Process of Social Change in India Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Sociology Chapter 6 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT, AHSEC Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6.
Unit 6 Process of Social Change in India
(PART – B)
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. What is modernization?
Ans: Earlier, modernization referred to the improvement that science and technological development brought out to the society. Increasingly, the term has been used to refer to the path of development that Europe and America has taken. As a sociological concept, it means that people are influenced not just by local, but universal contexts. Modernization often implies the growth of scientific attitude.
2. When did modernization start in India?
Ans: In India, the process of modernization started with the coming of the Britishers to India.
3. What is Urbanization?
Ans: Urbanization simply means the process of development of towns and cities. With the advent of industrialization the pace of urbanization is increasing.
4. What is industrialization?
Ans: Industrialization is a process in which production from house level reaches to the level of large scale factories and it starts to come on a large scale.
5. What is meant by Colonialism?
Ans: Colonialism simply means the establishment of rule by one county over another.
6. What is structural change?
Ans: Changes which come in our social relations and social institution are known as structural change. Changes which occur in family, marriage etc. are also a part of structural change.
7. Mention any two structural changes brought about by Colonialism?
Ans: Industrialization and Urbanization.
8. Who founded the Ramakrishna Mission?
Ans: Ram Krishna Paramhans.
9. Who founded Indian Brahmo Samaj?
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
10. Where, did Jyoti Hooley open the first school for women
Ans: In Pune, Maharashtra.
11. What is Social reform?
Ans: Social reform means the attempt in eradicating various social evils from society and thereby reforming society in peaceful means.
12. Name any three social reformers.
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyoti Hooley, SIr Syed Ahmed Khan etc.
13. Who are Dalits?
Ans: The untouchable castes are known as dalits. They were outside the caste hierarchy and were considered to be so ‘impure’ that their mert touch pollutes members of all other castes.
14. Why did the Sati system prevail in our Society?
Ans: Sati system prevailed in our society mainly due to ignorance, religious orthodoxy and misinterpretation of Hindu religious texts.
15. Why did caste based movements start before independence?
Ans: Mainly due to classification of castes as scheduled tribes and scheduled castes by the Britishers as well as conferring privileges fueled the growth of caste based movements.
16. What is meant by Sanskritization?
Ans: Sanskritisation can be defined as the process by which, a low caste or tribe takes over the customs, ritual, belief, ideology and style of life of a high and in particular a twice born (dwija) caste.
17. What is Secularization?
Ans: Secularization means the process of decline in the influence of religion. The theorists of modernization believe that modern societies have become increasingly secular. Indicators of secularization are declining influence of religions organizations upon the people, declining levels of involvement with religions organizations etc.
18. What is Westernization?
Ans: According to M.N. Srinivas, westernization implies the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of British rule at different levels like technology, institutions, ideology and values.
19. What is culture?
Ans: Culture simply means socially established norms or patterns of behaviour.
20. What is cultural change?
Ans: Changes which come in our culture, views, religion, institutions, behaviour etc. is known as cultural change. It means that whichever changes came in our culture are the part of cultural change.
21. What is a dominant caste?
Ans: Dominant caste is a middle or upper-middle ranking caste with a large population and newly acquired land ownership rights. This combination makes these castes politically, economically and therefore socially dominant in the countryside in many regions of India.
22. What is meant by Secular Country?
Ans: Secular country means that the country has no official or state religion. The state makes no differentiation on the basis of religion.
23. What is capitalism?
Ans: Capitalism is a mode of production based on generalized commodity production or a social system where:
(i) Private property and market have penetrated all sectors, and
(ii) Two main classes exist capitalists and labourers.
24. Who was the author of the book, “The source of knowledge”?
Ans: The author of the book “The sources of knowledge’ is kandulin Veeresalingam.
25. What are the consequences of colonisation?
Ans: Colonisation brought various changes that altered the structure of Indian society. Industrialisation and urbanisation transformed the lives of people. Factories replaced fields as places of work for some. Cities are replaced by villages, Living and working arrangements or structures changed, Changes also took place in culture, ways of life, norms, values, fashions and even body language.
SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. Write three negative impact of modernization.
Ans: Negative impacts of modernization are:
(i) Modernization has weakened our old family lies.
(ii) Modernization has also weakened the tribal, caste or communic identity as well as social lies.
(iii) Modernization has demolished our age-old socio-cultural norms and values.
2. What are the reasons of increasing population in cities?
Ans: Population in the cities are increasing day by day due to the following reasons:
(i) Seeking employment avenues, people are migrating to the cities.
(ii) The decline of agricultural production has compelled the villagers to migrate to the towns for getting employment opportunities there The decline of community resources like forests, ponds, lakes also have compelled the villagers to move to towns.
3. In what ways did colonial labour laws benefit the owner’s tea plantation?
Ans: Mainly due to shortage of labour and unwillingness of Assamese native people to work in the uninhabited hill sides (where tea gardens are often located) the tea planters of Assam had to import labour from other provinces. But as the tea planters of Assam are not willing to offer financial and other incentives to these imported labour, they had recourse to fraud and coercion.
The colonial government by passing penal laws, aid and abet the tea planters. Under the provisions of the Transport of Native Labourers Act of 1863, the contractors were empowered to recruit labourers for the tea industry in Assam.
4. What is the relation of technology and urbanization?
Ans: Technology has increased the pace of urbanization. Growth in science and technology has created industrialization which in turn has also increased the pace of urbanization. But off late, the increased growth of technology is being used to check the growth of population in the urban areas.
Phenomenon growth in the sphere of telecommunication and means of transport has already decreased the distance between rural and urban areas. Using modern modes of communication like metro rail and mono-rail, governments are trying to check the population settlement in urban centres.
5. What do you mean by structural change?
Ans: Changes which come in our social relations and social institutions are known as structural change. Changes which occur in family, marriage etc. are also a part of structural change.
6. Which problems occur due to urbanization?
Ans: Due to urbanization, urban centres become highly populated-which creates a huge burden on infrastructures like roads, sanitation, water supply, communication system etc. Moreover, the growth of industrial township in the midst of villages totally uprooted some villages. Influx of immigrant workers not only stimulates a demand for houses and markets but also creates problems or ordering relationships between native residents and the immigrants.
7. Why were coastal cities favoured by the Colonial regime?
Ans: Colonial regime favoured the coastal cities mainly due to the communication facility. The Britishers for conducting their trade and business depended mainly on waterways. That is why they favoured coastal cities like Hoogley, Bombay, etc.
8. Why did the social reform movement start in India?
Ans: Social reform movements in India started directly as a result Colonial rule. The Britishers came to India primarily as traders. But within a very short span of time, they established themselves as the ruling power.
During the colonial period, they established educational institutions and introduced English education. The Christian Missionaries also worked simultaneously in this direction. Industrialization process also picked up momentum in this period. As a result of all these factors social reform movement started in India.
9. Name a few organisations of the 19th and 20th century which initiated socio reform works.
Ans: Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Satya Shodak Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission etc.
10. Explain the reform works done among Muslims?
Ans: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started social reforms among the Muslims. Khan combined modern ideas of western’ liberalism and traditional literature. Sir Ahmed khan’s interpretation of Islam emphasised the validity of free enquiry and the alleged similarities between the Koranic revolution and the laws of nature discovered by modern science.
In 1914, the All India Muslim Ladies Conference was founded. This organisation took an active role in reforming Muslim society. Muslim social reformers actively debated the meaning of polygamy and purdah. A resolution against the evils of polygamy was proposed by Jahanara Shah Nawas at the All India Muslim Ladies Conference.
11. Write the meaning of secularism.
Ans: Secularization means the process of decline in the influence of religion.
The theorists of modernization believe that modern societies have become increasingly secular. Indicators of secularization are declining influence of religions organizations upon the people, declining levels of involvement with religions organizations etc.
12. Which processes are responsible for cultural changes in. India?
Ans: The processes which are responsible for cultural changes in India are:
Sanskritisation, westernisation, modernization, secularisation etc.
13. What is desanskritisation?
Ans: The term ‘desanskritisation” is just the reverse of sanskritisation. As a result of this process, members of the upper castes continue to their ideas and ways of life. They do not hesitate in adopting the occupations meant for the members of the lower castes.
14. Discuss about the impact of Sanskritisation.
Ans: The term ‘sanskritisation’ was coined by M.N. Srinivas Sanskritisation is the process by which a ‘low caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, rituals, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high and in particular, a twice born (dwija) caste.
The impact of sanskritisation is many sided. Its influence can be seen in language, literature, ideology music, dance, drama, style of life and ritual.
15. Discuss about the cultural changes due to westernization.
Ans: M.N.Srinivas (1962) pioneer of sociology in India has used the term Westernisation to indicate the change, which took place in India during the British rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Westernisation implies changes in dress style of eating, manners etc.
The change in the medium of instruction also occured in India. Westernisation started having its impact on the elite because they studied secular subjects with English as medium of instruction.
The Brahmins and other eastes with tradition of learning and tradition of science in the courts readily took to secular education with English as a medium of education.
Another big change introduced in Indian society by the new system of education is that the schools were thrown open all type in contrast to the traditional school which were restricted to upper caste children.
Like these, westernization has brought about changes in Indian culture.
LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. Explain briefly the different characteristics of modernisation.
Ans: Some characteristics of modernisation are:
(i) Modernisation refers to the process of change- brought out by scientific and technological development.
(ii) The term ‘modernisation’ has been used to refer to the path development that Europe and America has taken.
(iii) The process of modernisation leads to secularisation.
2. What are the features of industrialisation?
Ans: Urbanization, loss of face to face relationships in the workplace , enormous division of labour etc. are some of the social features of industrialization.
3. What are the consequences of the process of industrialisation? Explain them in detail.
Ans: The process of industrialisation leads to urbanisation. As industry provides employment avenues, people from remote villages migrate to the industrial centres, leaving behind the members of their families in their native villages. Thus. family system changed due to the process of industrialisation.
The process of industrialisation has led to the emergence of slum areas in the industrial centres. The lowly paid workers of the industries were compelled to live in very poor conditions and thus slum areas emerged as industrial centres.
Industrialization also leads to greater equality. In factories caste distinction doesn’t matter any more. Thus in India, industrialisation helped in the establishment of social equality.
4. Highlight the main social aspects of the process of urbanisation.
Ans: Urbanisation has led to the decline of the extended or joint family system in India. In industrial urban centres the nuclear family system has gained popularity.. While writing about the urban impact on Indian villages: sociologist M.S.A Rao mentioned three different situations of urban impact. Firstly, the villagers, leaving the families in their natal villages have sought employment in far off cities.
By sending money to their families and by visiting natal homes, they keep their family relationship alive. In many villages of Gujarat, a considerable number of emigrants reside in overseas towns. Such overseas migrants have built fashionable houses in their natal village, invested money on land and industry and have also donated for establishment of educational institutions.
The second kind of urban impact is to be seen in villages, which are situated near industrial towns. When an industrial town comes up in the midst of villages, some villages are totally uprooted, while the lands of other villages are partially acquired. With the influx of immigrant workers, demand for houses has become a necessity.
5. How is colonialism different from earlier forms of conquest or domination and in what ways did it affect Indian society?
Ans: The impact of colonial rule is distinguishable from all other earlier rules because the changes it brought in were far reaching and deep. Moreover, the earlier forms of conquest of domination were mostly concerned with exacting a continuous flow of tribute. The pre-capitalist conquerors didn’t interfere with the economic base of the subjugated country. On the other hand, British colonialism-directly interfered in the economy of the country to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British Capitalism. Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British Capitalism.
The changes brought by colonialism to Indian society were for reaching and irreversible colonial rule unified all of India for the first time and brought in the forces of modernisation and capitalist economic change. Colonialism introduced a modern education system, particularly English education in India. It also introduced modern means of transport and communication like roads, railways, telecommunication, press etc. in India. As a result of all this Indian society changed tremendously.
6. Which changes came to Indian society due to social movements?
Ans: In India social reform movement emerged in the 19th century to address the social evils that plagued Indian society. The burning issues that time were sati, child marriage, widow remarriage, caste discriminatio etc. As a result of social movements, which were initiated by socia reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Vidyasagar, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Jyotiba Phule, Sir Syeh Ahmed Khan etc. the colonis government took step to prohibit the evils like sati, child marriage etc. As a result of these social movements the Britishers introduced modern English education in India.
Women’s education also picked up momentum. Ca discrimination also reduced considerably. Modern social organisations like the Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, All India Muslim Ladies Conference were set-up due to the result of these social movements. These organisations spreaded new ideas of liberalism and freedom, new ideas of home making and marriage, new roles for mothers and daughters etc. which helped tremendously in reforming Indian society.
7. What were the impacts of westernisation in India society.
Ans: The impact of westernisation on Indian society is extensive and far reaching. The westernisation process itself indicates the changes that occurred in Indian society as western impact. M.N. Srinivas defined westernisation as “the changes brought about in Indian Society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, the term subsuming changes occurring in different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.
As a result of westernisation, the thinking pattern and ways of living of the Indians changed. As a result of English education Indians come to know about the struggle for liberty and equality in Europe and America. Moreover, westernisation also influenced Indian art and literature. Artists like Ravi Varma, Bankim Chandra etc. were influenced by western style and technique.
Apart from all these, westernisation multiplied the process of industrialisation, urbanisation as well as secularisation.
8. What is the meaning of secularisation? Explain its different elements.
Ans: Secularization means the process of decline in the influence of religion. The theorists of modernization believe that modern societies have become increasingly secular. Indicators of secularization are declining influence of religions organizations upon the people, declining levels of involvement with religions organizations etc.
Modernisation is an important element of secularisation. Normally, modernization leads to secularization. One aspect of modernity is that science takes precedence over those of the emotions, the sacred and the non-rational. With the unprecedented growth of science and technology. The pace of modernization and secularization also increased. Religious taboos and beliefs declined with the spread of scientific knowledge.
The overwhelming power of religious institutions declined as rationalism took the place of emotion. Thus, the process of modernization leads to secularization. However, this is not always the case. In recent years we have seen unprecedented growth of religious consciousness all over the world. Though people are using most modern means of transport and communication, yet religious consciousness of people have also increased recently and interestingly, these techniques are used to spread religions beliefs and sentiments.
9. Compare and contrast sanskritisation and westernisation as processes of social change in Indian society.
Ans: Sociologist M.N. Srinivas coined the word ‘Sanskritisation’ and discussed the process in detail. Simply, sanskritisation suggests a process whereby a low caste wants to improve its status through adoption of names and customs of culturally high-placed groups. Though Sanskritisation primarily takes place within the Hindu space, Srinivas argued that it was visible even in sects and religious groups outside Hinduism.
Studies show that Sanskritisation operated differently in different parts of the country. In regions where Sanskritised caste was dominant, the culture of the region underwent a certain amount of Sankritisation. On the other hand, where non-Sanskritic castes were dominant, their influence was stronger. In Punjab Sanskritic influence was never strong, rather Persian influence was the dominant one.
According to M.N. Srinivas, westernization implies the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of British rule at different levels like technology, institutions, ideology and values.
Srinivas suggested that while lower castes sought to be sanskritised, upper castes sought to be westernised. However, such generalisation is not valid for a diverse country like India. Some studies in Kerala show conscious efforts made by lower castes to get westernised.
As a process of social change, westernisation brought structural changes to Indian society, while sanskritisation failed to brought any structural changes to Indian society. Sanskritisation only implies positional change of some individuals. Moreover, the process of Sanskritisation is value laden as it acknowledges the rituals and lifestyles of the upper caste as superior and that of the lower castes as inferior. On the other hand the process of modernisation is value- neutral. It leads to secularisation.
10. Summarize the major changes in the institution of caste from colonial times to the present day.
Ans: The institution of caste underwent major changes during the colonial period. The 1901 census, under the direction of Herbert Risley, was particularly important as it collected information on the social hierarchy of caste i.e.. the position of each caste in the rank order. Scholars believe that this kind of direct attempt to count caste and to officially record caste status changed the institution itself. Before this kind of intervention, caste identities had been less rigid, once they began to be counted and recorded, caste identities became more rigid.
The land revenue settlement laws gave legal recognition to caste based rights of the upper castes. These castes now become owners in modern sense rather than feudal lords with claims on produce of the land. Thus, upper castes became land owners.
Towards the end of the colonial period, the British administration took interest in the welfare of downtrodden castes, referred to as the ‘depressed classes’ at that time. The govt. of India Act 1935 gave legal recognition to the lists or schedules of caste and tribes to provide special treatment by the state. Thus, the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ and ‘Scheduled castes’ came into being. The present system of reservation for S.C., S.T. came into being in the colonial period.
In the contemporary period, caste has tended to become invisible for the upper caste, urban middle and upper castes. These groups have benefited the most from the development policies taken by the govt. of independent India. Getting benefit from subsidised public education and taking advantage of the expansion of state sector jobs in the early decades after independence, such groups became leaders of the entire society.
As their privileged status got consolidated in the second and third generations, these groups began to believe that their advancement had little to do with caste. For these groups, it now seems that caste plays no part in their public lives, being limited to the personal sphere of religious practice, marriage and kinship. In this sense, caste became relatively invisible for the urban upper caste.
For the scheduled castes, tribes and the backward castes, caste identity has tended to eclipse the other dimensions of their identity. As these backward castes had no inherited educational and social capital and as they have to compete with an already entrenched upper caste group, they have to rely on their caste identity, because caste is one of few collective assets they have. The policies of reservation and other protective discrimination policies taken by the state, serve as the lifelines of the lower castes. The lower castes always tried to exert political pressure upon the govt. to safeguard these lifelines. Thus, caste identity has become all important, often the only aspect of their identity.
11. What is meant by secularisation of caste? Explain with examples.
Ans: In traditional India the caste system operated within a religious framework, where the belief system of purity and pollution were central to its practice. But now, this traditional belief system of purity and pollution centering around the caste system is wearing out. In present day India, caste works as political pressure groups. Caste based political parties are also very common in India. Such a changing role of caste has been described as secularization of caste. In India, caste structure provides one of the principal organizational clusters alone which the bulk of the population is bound to live.
The Bahujan Samajwadi Party in U.P. is a good example. The party works as a platform for Harijans and other lower castes.
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