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Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Social Change and The Economy
Class 12 Sociology Unit 8 Social Change and The Economy Question Answer | Guide for Class 12th Sociology Chapter 8 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT, AHSEC Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8.
Unit 8 Social Change and The Economy
(PART – B)
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. What is the main occupation of rural people?
Ans: Apart from agriculture, a large number of artisans such as potters, carpenters, weavers, iron smithers are found in rural areas.
2. What is agrarian structure?
Ans: The term agrarian structure is often used to refer to the structure or distribution of land holding.
3. What is required to increase form production?
Ans: To increase form production utilisation of modern scientific knowledge as well as tools and technique is almost necessary.
4. Give two reasons for bringing land reform.
Ans: Land reform is necessary to redistribute land so that the landless poor can get land. Secondly, land reform is also necessary to increase agricultural production as well as to ensure social justice. Moreover, land reform is necessary to remove the layer of intermediaries between cultivators and the state.
5. Why did North Indian states get more advantage from the Green revolution?
Ans: Green revolution programmes were introduced only in areas that have assured irrigation, because sufficient water was necessary for the new seeds and methods of cultivation. As the North Indian states already had good irrigation systems, they benefited largely from the first wave of green revolution.
6. What is economic development?
Ans: Economic development means rise of national income. per capita income, gross domestic product etc.
7. What is a green revolution?
Ans: Green revolution was a government programme of agricultural modernizations. It was largely funded by international agencies that was based on hybrid seeds along with pesticides, fertilizers etc. Green revolution programmes were introduced only in areas that had assured irrigation. It was targeted mainly at the wheat and rice growing areas.
8. What is an elite group?
Ans: Elite is a descriptive term which refers to those who had high positions in a society.
9. What is a contract farming?
Ans: In the ‘contract farming’ system, the farmers enter into contracts with multinational companies to grow certain crops. In this system the company identifies the crop to be grown and provides the seeds and other inputs such as technical know-how and working capital. In return the farmer is assured of a pre-determined fixed price.
10. Mention any two policies on law for land reform introduced after independence.
Ans: (i) Abolition of Zamindari System.
(ii) Tenancy Abolition and Regulation Act.
(iii) Land Ceiling Acts.
11. What is meant by informal sector?
Ans: Informal sectors are not registered with the government.
12. What is meant by small scale industry?
Ans: Government has defined small scale industry according to the investment of capital made in it, These days, that industry is known as small scale industries in which capital of upto Rs.1 crore is invested. This limit was Rs. 5 Lakh in 1950.
13. What is a labour union?
Ans: When all the labourers of any industry, factory come together and form a union or organisation to protect their interests then this union is known as labour union. All the labourers working in the industry are its members.
14. What is meant by outsourcing service?
Ans: At present time, all over the globe, multinational companies are arranging for work to be done outside the company mainly in smaller companies of the third world countries where labour is cheap. This trend is known as outsourcing.
15. What is privatisation not preferred by workers in state owned units?
Ans: The employees oppose the disinvestment process mainly due to the fear that disinvestment will lead to job cuts and they may also lose their jobs. The Modern Foods was the first company to be privatized where 60% of workers were forced to retire in the first five years.
16. List any two characteristics of the organised sector?
Ans. Two characteristics of the organised sector are:
(i) Organised sector employ ten or more people throughout the year; and
(ii) The units are registered with the government to ensure that the employees get proper salaries, pension and other benefits.
17. Distinguish between ‘lockout’ and ‘strike’.
Ans: In lock out the management prevents – worker from coming to the factory, while in strike the workers don’t go to the factory as a protest against harsh working conditions.
18. What is alienation in the context of industrialization?
Ans: Industrialization involves detailed division of labour, where workers don’t see the end result of their work and keep producing only a small part of a product. Thus, the nature of work becomes repetitive and exhausting, yet in order to survive, workers keep themselves engaged in such type of work which is not at all enjoyable for them. Marx described this situation as alienation.
19. What is under employment?
Ans: Agricultural labourers more often than not are paid below the statutory minimum wage and earn very little. Their incomes are low. Their employment is insecure. Most agricultural labourers are daily wage workers. And don’t have work for many days of the year. This is known as underemployment.
20. What do you understand by bonded labour?
Ans: Lack of resources and dependence on the landed class for economic, social and political support, meant that many of the working poor were tied to landowners in ‘hereditary’ labour relationships (bonded labour), such as the halpati system in Gujarat and the jeeta system in Karnataka.
SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. How did rich farmers get more advantage from the green revolution?
Ans: It was primarily the medium and large farmers, who were able to benefit from the first wave of green revolution. This was because inputs like tillers, tractors, threshers, harvesters etc. were expensive and small and marginal farmers couldn’t afford to purchase these inputs.
2. How does economic development of a country depend upon agriculture?
Ans: Economic development of any country, particularly those countries, which are industrially backward, largely depends upon agriculture. Economic development means growth of per capita income, growth in gross domestic product etc. Agriculture plays a vital role in the economic development of a country.
3. What is meant by ceiling of land?
Ans: Ceiling of land means imposition of upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. According to the ceiling acts, the state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limits) held by each household and redistribute it to landless families of SC and ST categories.
4. How small scale industries are encouraged by government?
Ans: The government tried to encourage the small scale sector through special incentives and assistance. Many items like paper and wood products, glass and ceramics were reserved for the small-scale sector. The government also provided huge subsidies to the entrepreneurs.
5. Explain the condition of industrialization during early years of Indian independence.
Ans: After in dependence the govt. of India followed a mixed economics policy where some sectors like transport communication, power mining etc., which are necessary for private industry to flourish were reserved to the private sector. Moreover, before independence, indeed for the government and others, stories were located mainly in the park cities like Madras, Bombay, Calcutta etc. But after independence, through licensing policy, the govt. tried to ensure that industries spread over different regions of the country.
The govt also tried to encourage the small-scale sector through special incentives and assistance. Many items like paper and wood products, glass and ceramics were reserved for the small-scale sector.
6. What are the changes that came in Indian industries due to globalization and liberalization?
Ans: After globalization private companies, especially foreign firms were encouraged to next in sectors that were earlier reserved for the government. Government withdrew its licensing policy and now no license is required for opening the industry. As a result of liberalization many Indian companies have been bought over by multinationals. For example, Indian company Parle drinks was bought by Coca-Cola. Some Indian companies also become multinational companies.
7. What is the negative impact of industrialization labourers?
Ans: Industrialization involves detailed division of labour, where workers don’t see the end result of their work and keep producing only a small part of a product. Thus, the nature of work becomes repetitive and exhausting, yet in order to survive, workers keep themselves engaged in such types of work which is not at all enjoyable for them. Marx described this situation as alienation.
8. What are the dangers and risks faced by mine workers?
Ans: Workers in underground mines face very dangerous conditions due flooding the collapse of roofs and sides, emission of gases and ventilation failures etc. On the other hand workers of over ground mines have to work in both hot sun and rain and face injuries due to mine blasting.
9. From which word the term “Raiyatwari” is originated and what is the Raiyatwari system?
Ans: The term “Raiyatwari” is originated from the Telugu word ‘raiyat’ Raiyat means cultivator.
In this system, the ‘actual cultivators (who were themselves often landlords and not cultivators) rather than the zamindars were responsible for paying the tax. They were under direct British rule.
10. Write a short note about the Land Ceiling Act.
Ans: One of the major categories of land reform laws were the Land Ceiling Acts. These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. The ceiling varies from region to region depending on the kind of land, its productivity and other such factors. Very productive land has a low ceiling while unproductive dry land has a higher ceiling limit.
According to these acts, the state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household, and redistributed to landless families and households in other specified categories such as SCs and STs.
LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER:
1. Which were the land reforms that were introduced after independence?
Ans: After independence, a series of land reform acts were passed at the national as well as rate level to bring changes in the agrarian structure. The first important legislation was the abolition of the zamindari system, which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state. Of all the land reform laws, this was probably the most effective measure, which removed the top layers of landlords in the multilayered agrarian structure.
The tenancy abolition and regulation act attempted either to put low tenancy altogether or to regulate rents to give some security to the tenants.
The land ceiling acts were also a very important instrument to bring land reforms. These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. According to these acts, the state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household and redistribute it to landless families of S.C and S.T categories.
2. Explain the social consequences of the green revolution?
Ans: The social consequences of green revolution are as follow:
In the first place, the green revolution increased inequalities in rural areas. Well-to-do farmers who had access to land capital technological know-how and who could invest in the new seeds and fertilizers, could increase their production and earn more money while the poor stagnated or grew poorer.
Secondly, the introduction of machinery such as tillers, tractors, harvesters etc., led to the displacement of service caste groups, who used to carry out these agricultural related activities. This process of displacement increased the pace of rural urban migration.
Thirdly, in many places the green revolution led to the displacement of tenants-cultivators. As the green revolution made cultivation more profitable the landowners took back the land from their tenants to cultivate directly. Thus, it led to the displacement of tenants-cultivators.
Fourthly, the green revolution has increased rather than decreased livelihood security of the farmers mainly due to two reasons. Firstly, the farmers who once grew food for consumption now depend on the market for their incomes. Hence, a bad crop or fall in prices can spe” financial ruin” for farmers. Secondly, in most of the green revolution areas farmers have switched from a multi-crop system to a mono crop regime which means that there is nothing to fall back on in case of crop failure. Mainly due to these reasons. livelihood insecurity of farmers increased in the areas of green revolution.
Fifthly, another negative outcome of the green revolution was that it increased the gap of regional inequalities. The areas where the green revolution took place, became more developed while other areas stagnated. These are some of the social impacts of the green revolution.
3. What was the impact of globalisation and liberalisation on rural society?
Ans: Globalisation, for some one may mean new opportunities, while for others it may mean loss of livelihood. For example, Women silk Spinners of Bihar lost their jobs as Chinese and Korean silk yarn entered the market. Consumers prefer Chinese yarn as it is cheaper and has a shine. Similarly, with the entry of large fishing vessels into Indian waters, the livelihood of women fish sorters, dryers, vendors and net makers get affected as their big vessels take away the fish that used to be earlier collected by Indian fishing vessels.
On the other hand, after globalization the IT sector, Infotainment Industry etc. got a boost and employment avenues of English educated India middle class increased tremendously.
Globalisation carries a threat to many indigenous craft, literary tradition as well as knowledge systems. For example, about 30 theatre groups, which were active around the textile mills of Parel in Mumbai have become defunct as most of the mill workers are out of jobs there. Similarly, some traditional manners of Andhra Pradesh home committed suicides while some others discarded this traditional profession mainly because their products are not able to compete with the machine made products. Thus, indigenous craft is facing hard challenges from big firms.
Similarly, various farms of traditional knowledge systems especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture are in danger. Contract farming and use of hybrid seeds and fertilizers produced by MNCs have contributed largely in wiping out local variants and indigenous knowledge of production.
4. Which were the changes that came in rural society after independence of India? Explain?
Ans: After independence, Prime Minister Nehru and his policy advisors embarked on a programme of planned development that focused on agrarian reform as well as industrialization. As a result a series of land reform acts were passed from 1950s to the 1970s at the national as well as state level to bring changes in the agrarian structure.
After independence, a series of land reform acts were passed at the national as well as rate level to bring changes in the agrarian structure.
The first important legislation was the abolition of the zamindari system, which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state. Of all the land reform laws, this was probably the most effective measure, which removed the top layers of landlords in the multilayered agrarian structure.
The tenancy abolition and regulation act attempted either to put low tenancy altogether or to regulate rents to give some security to the tenants.
The land ceiling acts were also a very important instrument to bring land reforms. These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. According to these acts, the state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household and redistribute it to landless families of S.C and S.T categories.
5. Why is land reform necessary? Explain their impact on Indian agriculture after independence.
Ans: Agricultural land is the most important resource in rural society. But it is not equally distributed among people living in a particular village nor region. In fact, the distribution of land holdings in most regions is highly unequal among households. In most regions of India, women are usually excluded from ownership of land, because of the prevailing patrilineal kinship system.
In most regions of India, the major land owning groups belong to the upper castes. In many regions of India, the former ‘untouchable’ castes were not allowed to own land. Under these circumstances, land reform becomes necessary to provide ownership of land to the marginal backward castes and clans.
Impact of land reform on Indian agriculture:
As a result of the abolition of the Zamindari sys system, in most areas the superior rights of the Zamindars over land as well as their economic and political power weakened. This law ultimately strengthened the position of the actual land holders and cultivators at the local level.
Under the land ceiling act, the state was entrusted with the power to take possession of surplus land held by each household, and to redistribute it to landless families belonging to SCs and STs.
As a result of their initiatives, agrarian structure changed substantially, though still it remains highly unequal.
6. Migration and lack of job security create poor working and living conditions for migrant labourers. Explain with reference to the circulation of labour in India.
Ans: As the demand for seasonal agricultural labour increased in prosperous green revolution regions, a pattern of seasonal migration emerged in rural India. Labourers migrate also due to the increasing inequalities in rural areas from the mid-1990s, which have forced many households to combine multiple occupations to sustain themselves. As a livelihood strategy, men migrate out periodically in search of work and better wages.
Migrant workers come mainly from drought-prone and less productive regions, and they go to work for part of the year on farms, on brick kilns or in construction sites in cities. These migrant workers have been termed ‘footloose labour’ by Jon Breman, but this doesn’t imply freedom. Breman’s study shows that landless labour don’t have many rights. For instance, they are usually not paid the minimum wage. The wealthy farmers often prefer to employ migrant workers rather than the local working class, because migrants are more easily exploited and can be paid lower wages.
Thus migrant workers don’t have job security and they are lowly paid. As a result they are compelled to live in a very pitiable condition in temporary residing sites. The fish processing plants along the coastline employ mostly migrant single young women. 10-12 of them are housed in small rooms and sometimes one shift has to make a way for another.
7. There is a close connection between agriculture and culture. Explain.
Ans: Yes, agriculture and culture are very closely connected. Agriculture is the single most important source of livelihood for the majority of the rural population still today. In various parts of India, various festivals are celebrated in connection with the harvesting season. As for example in Assam, people celebrate three Bihus namely, Kati, Magh and Bohag Bihu mainly in connection with the harvesting season. So, there exists a close connection between agriculture and culture.
8. Throw light on the role of labour union in India and discuss the longest strike of Indian industry?
Ans: In India, trade unions are plagued by problems like regionalism and casteism.
Datta Iswalkar, a trade union leader once described that the workers sit and chew paan with a lower from lower caste by not drinking water from him. The labour unions in India in the early years after independence till the mid eighties frequently resorted to strike as an attempt to fulfill their demand of fair wage and working conditions. Moreover, in India labour unions have political backgrounds.
9. How machinery creates a problem for workers? What alternative did Gandhi have in mind?
Ans.: As the process of industrialisation picked up momentum in India, large companies increasingly replaced their old human operated machines with fully automated machines. Machinery also helps to increase production. But it also creates the danger that eventually machines will replace workers. Both Marx and Gandhi saw mechanisation as a danger to employment. For Gandhi the craze for labour saving machinery will make thousands workless and homeless. It also helps in concentrating wealth in the hands of the few.
On the other hand, for Marx mechanisation
Industrialization involves detailed division of labour, where workers don’t see the end result of their work and keep producing only a small part of a product. Thus, the nature of work becomes repetitive and exhausting, yet in order to survive, workers keep themselves engaged in such types of work which is not at all enjoyable for them. Marx described this situation as alienation.
Gandhi always insisted on small scale industry. He preferred home based industry. For him, the use of tools like spinning wheels will solve the problem of unemployment as well as exploitation of the poor by the rich.
10. Describe the 1982 textile strike from the different perspectives of those involved.
Ans: The Bombay textile strike of 1982, under the leadership of trade union leader Dr. Dutta Samant was one famous strike which affected nearly a quarter of a million workers and their families. This strike lasted nearly two years. The govt. refused to listen to the workers demands. Slowly after two-years workers started going back to work because they were desperate. Nearly one lakh workers lost their jobs, and went back to their villages. Some people moved to smaller towns like Bhiwandi Malegaon etc. to work in the power loan sector.
The main demand of the strike was better wage for the workers and their right to form their own union. However, According to the Bombay Industrial Relation Act (BIRA), a union had to be approved only if it gave up the idea of strikes.
The strike failed mainly due to the initiative of the Congress led Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangha (RMMS), which was the only approved union. The RMMS brought other workers to the mills and thus helped to break the strike.
11. What are the major forms of job recruitment in India?
Ans: In India a small percentage of people get jobs through advertisements or through the employment exchange. People who are self-employed like plumbers, electricians and carpenters at one end and teachers who give private tuitions, architects and free-lance photographers at the other end, all rely on personal contacts.
Job recruitment as a factory worker takes a different pattern. In the past many workers got their jobs through jobbers or contractors. In the Kanpur textile mills, these contractors were known as ‘mysteries’ who themselves were workers. Now-a-days the importance of jobbers has come down and both management and unions play a role in recruiting their own people.
However, the contractor system is still visible in the hiring of casual labour for work on construction sites, brickyards and so on. The contractor goes to villages and asks if people want work. The contractor by providing Joan to the workers brings them to the worksites. The workers work without wages until the loan is repaid.
These are some forms of job recruitment in India.
12. List the consequences of industrialisation.
Ans: Urbanization, loss of face to face relationships in the workplace, enormous division of labour etc. are some of the social features of industrialization.
Notes of AHSEC Class 12 Sociology Unit 8 | English Medium Class 12 Sociology Notes In this post we will explain to you Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Question Answer | AHSEC Class 12 Sociology Question Answer Unit 8 If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you.
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