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Class 11 Political Science Chapter 13 Equality
Class 11 Political Science Chapter 13 Equality Question Answer | Guide for Class 11th Political Science Unit 13 English Medium Also Same NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science In this post we will explain to you what to try If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you. NCERT/SCERT, AHSEC Class 11 Political Science Chapter 13.
Chapter 13 Equality
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS:
1. What do you mean by the term ‘equality’?
Ans: In simple words the term ‘equality’ means that all men are equal and all should be entitled to equal opportunities and treatment. It simply implies a leveling process in which chances are given to all for developments of their potential. It also means that special preference of all kinds should be abolished and no discrimination should be made on the grounds of birth, wealth, sex, caste, creed or colour.
2. What do you mean by “equal opportunities for all”?
Ans: The term “equal opportunities for all” means that every human being should get the opportunity to progress without any discrimination. The citizens of India have been granted Six Fundamental rights, one of them is “The right to equality.” This right has five parts, the third part of this right deals with equality of opportunity. According to its right, every individual gets the equal opportunity to hold the public office or to gets the government service. Accordingly the state will treat every one equally without the consideration of religion, caste, sex or language.
3. What is the general opposition to the concept of equality?
Ans: The general opposition is the concept of equality is given below:
(a) It may lead to a lowering of incentives and adversely affect the efficiency in production.
(b) It may adversely attack family autonomy because it will lead to increased competition in society.
(c) It may create a problem of bureaucracy increasing the gulf between masses and the state.
4. What do you understand by equality before law?
Ans: It means there can be no discrimination between one citizen and another on the basis of caste, class, creed, sex or any of them. Articles 14 of the constitution of India guarantees all persons equality before the law and equal protection of law within the country of India. There çan be no discrimination between the citizens.
5. Briefly describe the various kinds of equality?
Ans: The various kinds of equality are as follows:
(a) Natural Equality: It implies that all men are born free and equal and are endowed with equal gifts and talents. It also means that the state should try to reduce inequality rather than perpetuate it. The state should promote those social and economic opportunities that offer equal chances. Natural equality is rather an ideal and not an immediate reality. This ideal should be attained in a society as much as possible.
(b) Social Equality: It means that all are equally eligible to enjoy various opportunities in society. It also implies absence of other privileges. Social equality is a difficult idea because political equality has no importance.
The basic requirements of political equality are the following:
(i) Right to vote: It is essential for the establishment of democracy that all the citizens should have equal rights in the organization of government.
(ii) Right to be elected: The organization of democracy is not possible only by the right to franchise. The right of being elected also is as important as the right of voting. Everybody, who feels that his friends want him to be elected as representative, has the right to be elected.
(iv) Right to hold Public Office: Under political equality, the citizens have the right to get government offices without any discrimination. The qualifications fixed for any office are equal for all.
(c) Civil Equality: There is civil equality in a state when persons are subject to the same law in enjoyment of their various rights and liberties. There can be no civil equality when law makes distinction between one individual and the other. Civil equality as a concept has been accepted in a democratic form of government. It implies that all citizens should be treated alike in the matter of possession of their rights without any discrimination on the grounds of religion, belief, caste or creed.
(d) Political Equality: Political equality implies that all citizens should have some political rights and should have equal access to all offices of authority. It means universal adult suffrage. It also implies the right to form political parties and contest elections. These rights are necessary in a democratic society.
(e) Economic Equality: Economic equality according to Lord Bryce is “the attempt to expunge all differences in wealth allotting to every man and woman an equal share in worldly goods.” It means that wealth should be enjoyed equally by all. It also implies the abolition of poverty. The basic and minimum needs of an individual should be fulfilled. If the primary needs of an individual are not fulfilled, there cannot be real democracy.
6. What do you mean by the term economic equality?
Ans: Economic equality according to Lord Bryce is “the attempt to expunge all differences in wealth allotting to every man and woman an equal share in worldly goods.” It means that wealth should be enjoyed equally by all. It also implies the abolition of poverty. The basic and minimum needs of an individual should be fulfilled. If the primary needs of an individual are not fulfilled, there cannot be real democracy.
7. Write the basic requirements of political equality?
Ans: Following are the 3 basic requirements of political equality:
(a) Right to vote: It is essential for the establishment of democracy that all the citizens should have equal rights in the organization of government.
(b) Right to be elected: The organization of democracy is not possible only by the right to franchise. The right to be elected also is as important as the right of voting. Everybody, who feels that his friends want him to be elected as a representative has the right to be elected.
(c) Right to hold public office: Under political equality, the citizens have the right to get government offices without any discrimination. The qualifications fixed for any office are equal for all.
8. Describe in brief the ‘natural equality’?
Ans: It implies that all men are born free and equal and are endowed with equal gifts and talents. It also means that the state should try to reduce inequality rather than perpetuate it. The state should promote those social and economic opportunities that offer equal chances. Natural equality is rather an ideal and not an immediate reality. This ideal should be attained in a society as much as possible.
9. What is the general opposition to the concept of equality?
Ans: The general opposition to the concept of equality are as follows:
(a) It may lead to lowering of incentives and adversely affect the efficiency in production.
(b) It may adversely affect family autonomy because it will lead to increased competition in society.
(c) It may create a problem of bureaucracy increasing the gulf between masses and the state.
10. Differentiate between equality and uniformity?
Ans:
| Equality | Uniformity |
| The term equality is commonly used to mean identity of treatment and rewards. But it is uniformity, not equality. | But this uniformity is against the law of nature as man are by nature unequal, e.g. a mathematician cannot be placed on the same footing as a mason. |
| The Kapil: Some religions reformers, utilitarians, etc believed in the principle of absolute and un conditional equality. i.e. uniformity. | This uniformity is not possible to achieve because men are found in different social settings and have different virtues, needs and functional capacities. |
11. What do you understand by “equal opportunities for all”?
Ans: The term “equal opportunities for all” means that every human being should get the opportunity to progress without any discrimination. The citizens of India have been granted six fundamental rights, one of them is. “The Right to Equality.” This right has five parts, the third part of this right deals with equality of opportunity to hold public office or to get government service. Accordingly the state will treat every one equally without the consideration of religion, caste, sex or language.
12. How many types of equality? Write briefly about these aspects?
Ans: There are two aspects of Equality:
(i) Positive aspect and
(ii) Negative aspect.
(i) Positive aspect: In the positive sense, equality means the provision of adequate opportunities for all. The concept of equality does not remove natural inequalities, but at least the rationality of the individual can be developed by providing adequate opportunities in life. According to Laski, equality is a process of socialization.” I.e. The social setup should be such that every individual may get equal opportunities of development and of fully unfolding his qualities.
(iii) Negative aspect: In the negative sense, equality means the absence of under privileges. There should be no artificial grounds of discrimination like religion, caste, colour, wealth and sex, so that talent may not suffer due to the lack of facilities. It means that one can hold any public office by his own ability.
Thus negative equality means removing the men made inequalities in society, and ending the privileges enjoyed by the special.
13. “Political liberty is meaningless without economic equality” Comment.
Ans: Both liberty and equality are considered the main basis of democracy. Both are the most popular concepts and one cannot exist without the other. In the absence of one another is meaningless. Discussing the relationship between liberty and equality in his book “Grammar of Politics’, Laski remarked that “political liberty, in the of economic equality is held to be a mere myth.”
We must understand the meaning of those terms clearly in order to understand the saying of Laski.
According to Laski, Political liberty means the power to be active in the affairs of the state.
Following things are included in this types of liberty:
(i) To exercise the right to vote in order to form the government of the state.
(ii) Right to contest elections.
(iii) Right to make use of the press and platform freely.
(iv) Right to hold political or public office.
(v) Right to criticize the government.
(vi) Right to form a political party.
On the other hand the economic equality means:
(i) All the citizens should enjoy equal opportunities for earning their livelihood.
(ii) All the citizens should have the means to meet their needs.
(iii) Gross inequalities of Wealth Should not exist in Society.
(iv) Absence of exploitation of man-by-man.
(v) Means of production and distribution should be controlled in such a way that they stand for public welfare.
14. Write a note on the right to equality.
Ans: Right to equality means the absence of legal discrimination against any one individual, group, class or race. In earlier times certain classes possessed special privileges or were judged by special law.
The modern tendency is to enforce the same law over all persons in the State and to give all persons equal rights and privileges in the protection of their civil liberties. Democracy can only exist and flourish in a society of equals.
The Constitution of India makes social and civil equality the bedrock of Indian polity. It guarantees equality of all persons before the law, prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth as between citizens, and abolishes untouchability on the one hand and titles on the other.
The concept of equality of all persons before the law has a significant bearing and it is one of the ingredients of what Dicey calls the Rule of Law. The Rule of Law means three things with Dicey. It means, in the first place, the absolute supremacy of law.
Notes of AHSEC Class 11 Political Science Chapter 13 | English Medium Class 11 Political Science Notes In this post we will explain to you Class 11 Political Science Chapter 13 Question Answer | AHSEC Class 11 Political Science Question Answer Unit 13 If you are a Student of English Medium then it will be very helpfull for you.
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